Rudolf Vrba

Rudolf Vrba
Lahir	Walter Rosenberg (1924-09-11)11 September 1924 Topoľčany, Czechoslovakia
Meninggal	27 Maret 2006(2006-03-27) (umur 81) Vancouver, Kanada
Kebangsaan	Czechoslovak
Warga negara	Inggris (1966), Kanada (1972)
Pendidikan	Ing. Kim., kimia, Czech Technical University in Prague (1949) Dr. Tech. Sc., kimia dan biologi, Czech Technical University in Prague (1951) C.Sc., Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences (1956)
Pekerjaan	Profesor Asosiasi farmakologi, University of British Columbia
Dikenal atas	Laporan Vrba–Wetzler^[1]
Suami/istri	Gerta Vrbová (m. 1947), Robin Vrba (m. 1975)
Anak	2
Orang tua	Elias Rosenberg, Helena Rosenberg (née Grünfeldová)
Penghargaan	Medal Keberanian Czechoslovak (c. 1945) Ordo Pemberontakan Nasional Slovakia (Kelas 2) Medal Kehormatan Partisan Cekoslowakia Doktor Filsafat Honoris Causa, University of Haifa (1998) Order of the White Double Cross, kelas 1, Slovakia (2007)

Rudolf Vrba (lahir Walter Rosenberg; 11 September 1924 – 27 Maret 2006) adalah seorang biokimia Slovakia-Yahudi yang, sebagai remaja pada tahun 1942, dibuang ke kamp konsentrasi Auschwitz di Polandia yang diduduki Jerman. Ia melarikan diri dari kamp tersebut pada April 1944, pada puncak Holokaus, dan bersama menyusun laporan Vrba-Wetzler, laporan rinci tentang pembunuhan massal yang terjadi di sana.^[2] Pendistribusian laporan tersebut oleh George Mantello di Swiss diakui berhasil menghentikan deportasi massal orang Yahudi Hongaria ke Auschwitz pada bulan Juli 1944, menyelamatkan lebih dari 200.000 nyawa. Setelah perang, Vrba melatih dirinya sebagai seorang biokimiawan, sebagian besar bekerja di Inggris dan Kanada.^[3]

Vrba dan rekannya yang melarikan diri, Alfréd Wetzler, melarikan diri dari Auschwitz tiga minggu setelah pasukan Jerman menyerbu Hongaria dan segera sebelum SS memulai deportasi massal penduduk Yahudi Hongaria ke kamp tersebut. Informasi yang mereka diktekan kepada pejabat Yahudi ketika mereka tiba di Slovakia pada 24 April 1944, yang mencakup bahwa kedatangan baru di Auschwitz sedang diracuni dan bukan "pemukiman kembali" seperti yang diakui oleh Jerman, dikenal sebagai laporan Vrba-Wetzler.^[1] Ketika War Refugee Board mempublikasikannya dengan keterlambatan yang cukup besar pada November 1944, New York Herald Tribune menggambarkannya sebagai "dokumen paling mengejutkan yang pernah dikeluarkan oleh lembaga pemerintah Amerika Serikat".^[4] Meskipun membenarkan materi dalam laporan-laporan sebelumnya dari pelarian Polandia dan lainnya,^[a] sejarawan Miroslav Kárný menulis bahwa laporan itu unik dalam "detailnya yang tegas".^[9]

Ada penundaan beberapa minggu sebelum laporan itu didistribusikan secara luas cukup untuk menarik perhatian pemerintah. Transportasi massal orang Yahudi Hongaria ke Auschwitz dimulai pada 15 Mei 1944 dengan tingkat 12.000 orang sehari.^[10] Sebagian besar langsung menuju ke kamar gas. Vrba bersikeras hingga akhir hidupnya bahwa para deportan mungkin telah menolak naik kereta, atau setidaknya kepanikannya akan mengganggu transportasi, jika laporan tersebut didistribusikan lebih awal dan lebih luas.^[11]

Mulai akhir Juni hingga Juli 1944, materi dari laporan Vrba-Wetzler muncul di surat kabar dan siaran radio di Amerika Serikat dan Eropa, terutama di Swiss, mendorong pemimpin dunia untuk memohon kepada Miklós Horthy, regent Hongaria, untuk menghentikan deportasi.^[12] Pada 2 Juli, pasukan Amerika dan Inggris membom Budapest, dan pada 6 Juli, dalam upaya untuk menegakkan kedaulatannya, Horthy memerintahkan agar deportasi dihentikan.^[13] Saat itu, lebih dari 434.000 orang Yahudi telah dideportasi dalam 147 kereta—hampir seluruh populasi Yahudi pedesaan Hongaria—tapi 200.000 lainnya di Budapest diselamatkan.^[b]

Karya terpilih

Holokaus

(1998). "Science and the Holocaust", Focus, University of Haifa (edited version of Vrba's speech when he received his honorary doctorate).
- (1997). "The Preparations for the Holocaust In Hungary: An Eyewitness Account", in Randolph L. Braham, Attila Pok (eds.). The Holocaust in Hungary. Fifty years later. New York: Columbia University Press, 227–285.
- (1998). "The Preparations for the Holocaust In Hungary: An Eyewitness Account", in Randolph L. Braham, Attila Pok (eds.). The Holocaust in Hungary. Fifty years later. New York: Columbia University Press, 227–285.
(1996). "Die mißachtete Warnung. Betrachtungen über den Auschwitz-Bericht von 1944". Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte, 44(1), 1–24. JSTOR 30195502
(1992). "Personal Memories of Actions of SS-Doctors of Medicine in Auschwitz I and Auschwitz II (Birkenau)", in Charles G. Roland et al. (eds.). Medical Science without Compassion, Past and Present. Hamburg: Stiftung für Sozialgeschichte des 20. Jahrhunderts. OCLC 34310080
(1989). "The Role of Holocaust in German Economy and Military Strategy During 1941–1945", Appendix VII in I Escaped from Auschwitz, 431–440.
(1966). "Footnote to the Auschwitz Report", Jewish Currents, 20(3), 27.
(1963) with Alan Bestic. I Cannot Forgive. London: Sidgwick and Jackson.
- (1964) with Alan Bestic. Factory of Death. London: Transworld Publishers.
- (1989) with Alan Bestic. 44070: The Conspiracy of the Twentieth Century. Bellingham, WA: Star & Cross Publishing House.
- (2002). I Escaped from Auschwitz. London: Robson Books.

Penelitian akademis

(1975) with E. Alpert; K. J. Isselbacher. "Carcinoembryonic antigen: evidence for multiple antigenic determinants and isoantigens". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 72(11), November 1975, 4602–4606. PMID 53843 PMC 388771
(1974) with A. Winter; L. N. Epps. "Assimilation of glucose carbon in vivo by salivary gland and tumor". American Journal of Physiology, 226(6), June 1974, 1424–1427.
(1972) with A. Winter. "Movement of (U- 14 C)glucose carbon into and subsequent release from lipids and high-molecular-weight constituents of rat brain, liver, and heart in vivo". Canadian Journal of Biochemistry, 50(1), January 1972, 91–105. PMID 5059675
(1970) with Wendy Cannon. "Molecular weights and metabolism of rat brain proteins". Biochemical Journal, 116(4), February 1970, 745–753. PMID 5435499 PMC 1185420
(1968) with Wendy Cannon. "Gel filtration of [U-14C]glucose-labelled high-speed supernatants of rat brains". Journal of Biochemistry, 109(3), September 1968, 30P. PMID 5685853 PMC 1186863
(1967). "Assimilation of glucose carbon in subcellular rat brain particles in vivo and the problems of axoplasmic flow". Journal of Biochemistry, 105(3), December 1967, 927–936. PMID 16742567 PMC 1198409
(1966). "Effects of insulin-induced hypoglycaemia on the fate of glucose carbon atoms in the mouse". Journal of Biochemistry, 99(2), May 1966, 367–380. PMID 5944244 PMC 265005
(1964). "Utilization of glucose carbon in vivo in the mouse". Nature, 202, 18 April 1964, 247–249. PMID 14167775
(1963) with H. S. Bachelard; J. Krawcynski. "Interrelationship between glucose utilization of brain and heart". Nature, 197, 2 March 1963, 869–870. PMID 13998012
(1962) with H. S. Bachelard, et al. "Effect of reserpine on the heart". The Lancet, 2(7269), 22 December 1962, 1330–1331. PMID 13965902
(1962) with M. K. Gaitonde; D. Richter. "The conversion of the glucose carbon into protein in the brain and other organs of the rat". Journal of Neurochemistry, 9(5), September 1962, 465–475. DOI:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1962.tb04199.x PMID 13998013
(1962). "Glucose metabolism in rat brain in vivo". Nature, 195 (4842), August 1962, 663–665. DOI:10.1038/195663a0 PMID 13926895
(1961) with Kunjlata Kothary. "The release of ammonia from rat brain proteins during acid hydrolysis". Journal of Neurochemistry, 8(1), October 1961, 65–71. DOI:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1961.tb13527.x
(1959) with Jaroslava Folbergrova. "Observations on endogenous metabolism in brain in vitro and in vivo". Journal of Neurochemistry 4(4), October 1959, 338–349. DOI:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1959.tb13215.x
(1958) with Jaroslava Folbergrova. "Endogenous Metabolism in Brain Cortex Slices". Nature, 182, 26 July 1958, 237–238. DOI:10.1038/182237a0
(1957) with Jaroslava Folbergrova; V. Kanturek. "Ammonia Formation in Brain Cortex Slices". Nature, 179(4557), March 1957, 470–471. DOI:10.1038/179470a0 PMID 13577795
(1956). "On the participation of ammonia in cerebral metabolism and function". Review of Czechoslovak Medicine, 3(2), 81–106. PMID 13466187
(1955). "Significance of glutamic acid in metabolic processes in the rat brain during physical exercise". Nature, 176(4496), 31 December 1955, 1258–1261. PMID 13321878
(1955). "A source of ammonia and changes of protein structure in the rat brain during physical exertion". Nature, 176(4472), 16 July 1955, 117–118. PMID 13244627
(1955). "Effect of physical stress on metabolic function of the brain. III. Formation of ammonia and structure of proteins in the brain". Chekhoslovatskaia Fiziologila., 4(4), 397–408 (in German). PMID 13330105
(1954) with Arnošt Kleinzeller; Jiři Málek. Manometrické metody a jejich použití v biologii a biochemii. Prague: Státní Zdravotnické Nakladatelství ("State Health Publishing").

Sumber

Catatan

^ Sejarawan Inggris Michael Fleming melacak lebih dari 40 data sumber dari November 1942 hingga awal Juli 1944 tentang orang Yahudi di Auschwitz, yang menghasilkan 50 data terpisah yang didistribusikan, seperti laporan berita.^[5]
Beberapa tahanan telah melarikan diri dari Auschwitz sebelum Vrba dan Wetzler. Tiga atau empat, termasuk Kazimierz Piechowski, seorang Polandia lainnya, melarikan diri pada 20 Juni 1942 dan melaporkan apa yang terjadi di dalam kamp. Kazimierz Halori, juga dari Polandia, melarikan diri pada 2 November 1942.^[6] Sebuah laporan berjudul Obóz śmierci ("Kamp kematian") diterbitkan di Warsawa pada Desember 1942 oleh Natalia Zarembina, anggota bawah tanah Polandia yang melarikan diri.^[6]

Pada 10 Desember 1942, Edward Raczyński, Menteri Urusan Luar Negeri pemerintahan Poland
ia di pengasingan, menyampaikan pidato, The Mass Extermination of Jews in German Occupied Poland, kepada Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa yang baru lahir. Ini memperkirakan bahwa, dari populasi sebelum perang 3.130.000 orang Yahudi di Polandia, satu dari tiga sudah mati.^[7]
Menurut Raul Hilberg, sebuah laporan dua bagian tentang Auschwitz disiapkan pada Agustus atau Desember 1943 oleh seorang agen perempuan Polandia. Ini menyimpulkan: "Sejarah tidak mengenal paralel kehancuran kehidupan manusia seperti itu." Laporan tersebut mencakup rincian tentang ruang gas, "seleksi", dan eksperimen sterilisasi. Dinyatakan bahwa ada 137.000 tahanan, tiga krematorium di Birkenau yang dapat membakar 10.000 orang setiap hari, dan bahwa 468.000 orang Yahudi telah diracuni pada September 1942; 30.000 orang telah diracuni dalam satu hari. Diperkirakan bahwa hanya dua persen dari mereka yang tiba antara September 1942 dan awal Juni 1943 yang selamat. Laporan itu dikirim ke Office of Strategic Services di London dan, pada 17 Maret 1944, ke Intelijen Militer Departemen Perang AS.^[8]
^ Randolph Braham (2016): "Pada 9 Juli, ketika perintah Juli Horthy untuk menghentikan deportasi akhirnya diperhatikan, Ferenczy dapat melaporkan deportasi 434.351 orang Yahudi dalam 147 kereta. Angka Ferenczy sedikit lebih rendah dari 437.402 yang dilaporkan oleh Veesenmayer kepada Kementerian Luar Negeri Jerman. Baik satu set angka tidak termasuk jumlah Yahudi yang dihapus dari bagian selatan Distrik Gendarmerie III, IV, dan V selama tindakan "darurat" khusus yang diberlakukan terhadap mereka selama minggu 26 April 1944. Baik otoritas Nazi Jerman maupun Hongaria tidak pernah menerbitkan laporan akhir tentang total deportasi dari Hongaria selama masa pemerintahan mereka."^[14]

Braham (2011): "[D]ari 15 Mei hingga 9 Juli [1944], hampir 440.000 orang Yahudi Hongaria dideportasi ke Auschwitz–Birkenau, di mana sebagian besar dari mereka dibunuh segera setelah kedatangan mereka. Pada 9 Juli, ketika keputusan Horthy untuk menghentikan deportasi mulai berlaku dan Raoul Wallenberg tiba dalam misi penyelamatan, seluruh Hongaria (dengan pengecualian Budapest yang mencolok) telah menjadi judenrein."^[15]

Kutipan

^ ^a ^b Świebocki 2002, 24–42, 169–274.
^ Hilberg 2003b, 1213.
^ Ritchie, Méabh (22 Januari 2015). "Pria yang Mengungkapkan Kengerian Auschwitz ke Dunia". The Daily Telegraph.

"Rudolf Vrba Memorial Lecture 2014", University of British Columbia, 21 Maret 2014.
^ "1944: German Atrocities: In our pages 100, 75 and 50 years ago". International Herald Tribune. 26 November 1944.
^ Fleming 2014, 266
^ ^a ^b Szabó 2011, 87.
^ Zimmerman 2015, 181–182.
^ Hilberg 2003b, 1212–1213.
^ Kárný 1998, 554.
^ Kranzler 2000, 104.
^ Vrba 2002, 279–282; Braham 2016b, 985, catatan 69.
^ Fleming 2014, 238–246.
^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama Braham2016p1028
^ Braham 2016a, 774.
^ Braham 2011, 45.

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Wetzler, Alfred (2007) [1964]. Escape From Hell: The True Story of the Auschwitz Protocol. New York: Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-1845451837. . First published as Lánik, Jozef (1964). Čo Dante nevidel. Bratislava: Osveta. OCLC 833945571
Yablonka, Hanna; Tlamim, Moshe (Fall 2003). "The Development of Holocaust Consciousness in Israel: The Nuremberg, Kapos, Kastner, and Eichmann Trials". Israel Studies. 8 (3 (Israel and the Holocaust)): 1–24. doi:10.2979/ISR.2003.8.3.1. JSTOR 0245616. Parameter |s2cid= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)
Yahil, Leni (1991) [1990]. The Holocaust: The Fate of European Jewry, 1932–1945. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Zimmerman, Joshua D. (2015). The Polish Underground and the Jews, 1939–1945. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Bacaan lanjutan

Vrba–Wetzler memorial site.
"Rudolf Vrba Papers, 1934–2008. Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library & Museum.
The most extensive and authoritative website about Rudolf Vrba is www.rudolfvrba.com [1] This mammoth undertaking contains exclusive interviews with people who knew him and has been created as a public service by Canadian journalist Alan Twigg.

Laporan Vrba–Wetzler

"The Extermination Camps of Auschwitz (Oświęcim) and Birkenau in Upper Silesia". War Refugee Board. 26 November 1944. 1–33.
Świebocki, Henryk, ed. (2002). London has been informed ... Reports by Auschwitz Escapees. Oświęcim: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum. 169–274. ISBN 83-88526-20-0.
- "Report of Alfred Wetzler: I. Auschwitz and Birkenau", pp. 169–196; "Report of Rudolf Vrba and Alfred Wetzler", pp. 196–255; "Report of Rudolf Vrba: II. Majdanek", 256–274.
Vrba, Rudolf (2002) [1963]. "Appendix III: The Vrba–Wetzler Report". I Escaped from Auschwitz. Fort Lee, NJ: Barricade Books. 327–363. ISBN 978-1569-802328.
Wetzler, Alfred (2007). "Appendix II: Auschwitz Protocol (Vrba–Wetzler Report)". Escape From Hell: The True Story of the Auschwitz Protocol. New York: Berghahn Books. 233–276. ISBN 978-1-84545-183-7. .
Vrba, Rudolf; Wetzler, Alfred. "The Vrba-Wetzler Report" (PDF). German History in Documents and Images (different translation).
As sent to George Mantello: "Letters and the Vrba–Wetzler report" (PDF). Jewish Virtual Library. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 5 September 2015.

Audio/video

"Claude Lanzmann Shoah Collection, Interview with Rudolf Vrba", Washington, D.C.: Steven Spielberg Film and Video Archive, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (transcript); Rudolf Vrba in Shoah, part 1, part 2, courtesy of YouTube.
Audio interview with Rudolf Vrba, World at War. Thames Television, 1972 (transcript).
"Escape from Auschwitz" (video), Secrets of the Dead. PBS, 29 April 2008.

Buku dan artikel

Breindel, Eric M. (2 May 1974). "A Survivor of the Holocaust". The Harvard Crimson. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 11 September 2018. Parameter |url-status= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)
Fleming, Michael (2014). "Allied Knowledge of Auschwitz: A (Further) Challenge to the 'Elusiveness' Narrative". Holocaust and Genocide Studies. 28 (1): 31–57. doi:10.1093/hgs/dcu014.
Fleming, Michael (26 July 2016). "Geographies of obligation and the dissemination of news of the Holocaust". Holocaust Studies. 23 (1–2): 59–75. doi:10.1080/17504902.2016.1209834. Parameter |s2cid= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)
Freedland, Jonathan (9 June 2022). The Escape Artist: The Man Who Broke Out of Auschwitz to Warn the World. John Murray. ISBN 978-1529369045.
Kasztner, Rezső (1946). Der Bericht des jüdischen Rettungskomitees aus Budapest, 1942–1945. Basel: Va'a'dat Ezra Vo-Hazalah. In English: The Kasztner Report: The Report of the Budapest Jewish Rescue Committee, 1942–1945. Jerusalem: Yad Vashem. OCLC 934651095
Linn, Ruth (13 April 2006). "Rudolf Vrba". The Guardian.
Rose, Hilary and Rose, Steven (25 April 2006). "Letter: Rudolf Vrba", The Guardian.
Vrba, Rudolf (14 April 2006). "The one that got away". The Guardian (extract from I Escaped from Auschwitz).
Wetzler, Alfred (as Jožko Lánik) (1945). Oswiecim, hrobka štyroch miliónov l'udí (Auschwitz, the Graveyard of Four Million People). Košice: Vyd. OCLC 22143212 and OCLC 664734464
Wetzler, Alfréd (as Jozef Lánik) (1964). Čo Dante nevidel (What Dante did not see). Bratislava: Osveta. OCLC 833945571
Wetzler, Alfréd (as Jozef Lánik); Mehnert, Erich (1964). Was Dante nicht sah. Roman. Berlin: Verlag der Nation. OCLC 65468990

Templat:The Holocaust

Pengawasan otoritas
Umum	Integrated Authority File (Jerman) ISNI 1 2 3 VIAF 1 WorldCat (via VIAF)
Perpustakaan nasional	Prancis (data) Amerika Serikat Republik Ceko Israel Belanda Polandia Vatikan
Basis data ilmiah	CiNii (Jepang)
Lain-lain	Faceted Application of Subject Terminology National Archives (US) SUDOC (Prancis) 1