Kerbau liar
| Kerbau liar Periode Pleistosen Tengah-Masa kini[1] | |
|---|---|
Bubalus arnee  | |
 di Taman Nasional Kaziranga | |
| Status konservasi | |
 | |
| Genting | |
| IUCN | 3129 |
| Taksonomi | |
| Kelas | Mammalia |
| Ordo | Artiodactyla |
| Famili | Bovidae |
| Genus | Bubalus |
| Spesies | Bubalus arnee (Kerr, 1792) |
| Tata nama | |
| Sinonim takson | Bubalus bubalis arnee |
| Protonim | Bos arnee |
| Subspesies | |
| |
| Distribusi | |
 Distribusi kerbau liar | |
Kerbau liar (Bubalus arnee), atau yang juga dikenal sebagai kerbau asia, kerbau asiatik atau kerbau-air liar, adalah sebuah spesies pada genus Bubalus yag dapat ditemukan di Anak benua India dan Asia Tenggara. Spesies ini terdaftar sebagai spesies terancam di Daftar Merah IUCN sejak 1986, karena populasinya saat itu hanya tersisa sebanyak kurang dari 4 ribu ekor. Penurunan populasi sebanyak setidaknya 50% selama tiga generasi terakhir (24-39 tahun) diproyeksikan akan berlanjut. Sekarang, populasi globalnya telah diperkirakan hanya berjumlah setidakny 3400 ekor, 91% diantaranya (setara dengan 3100 ekor) hidup di India, kebanyakan diantaranya di Assam.[3] Spesies ini adalah leluhur paling mungkin kerbau domestik.[4][5]
Referensi
- ^ K. Suraprasit, J.-J. Jaegar, Y. Chaimanee, O. Chavasseau, C. Yamee, P. Tian, and S. Panha (2016). "The Middle Pleistocene vertebrate fauna from Khok Sung (Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand): biochronological and paleobiogeographical implications". ZooKeys (613): 1–157. Bibcode:2016ZooK..613....1S. doi:10.3897/zookeys.613.8309
. PMC 5027644 . PMID 27667928. Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link) - ^ a b Kaul, R.; Williams, A.C.; rithe, k.; Steinmetz, R.; Mishra, R. (2019). "Bubalus arnee": e.T3129A46364616. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T3129A46364616.en. Parameter
|name-list-style=yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan); Parameter|access-date=membutuhkan|url=(bantuan) - ^ Choudhury, A. (2010). The vanishing herds: the wild water buffalo. Gibbon Books, Rhino Foundation, CEPF & COA, Taiwan, Guwahati, India.
- ^ Lau, C. H.; Drinkwater, R. D.; Yusoff, K.; Tan, S. G.; Hetzel, D. J. S.; Barker, J. S. F. (1998). "Genetic diversity of Asian water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis): mitochondrial DNA D-loop and cytochrome b sequence variation" (PDF). Animal Genetics. 29 (4): 253–264. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2052.1998.00309.x. PMID 9745663.
- ^ Groves, C. P. (2006). "Domesticated and Commensal Mammals of Austronesia and Their Histories". Dalam Bellwood, P.; Fox, J. J.; Tryon, D. The Austranesians. Canberra: Research School of Pacific Studies, The Australian National University. hlm. 161–176.
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Keluarga Bovidae yang masih hidup
| Aepyceros | Impala (A. melampus) |
|---|
| Alcelaphus | Hartebeest (A. buselaphus) – Hartebeest merah (A. caama) – Hartebeest liechtenstein (A. lichtensteinii) |
|---|---|
| Beatragus | Hirola (B. hunteri) |
| Connochaetes | Wildebeest hitam (C. gnou) – Wildebeest biru (C. taurinus) |
| Damaliscus | Topi (D. korrigum) – Tsessebe (D. lunatus) – Bontebok (D. pygargus) – Tsessebe bangweulu (D. superstes) |
| Ammodorcas | Dibatag (A. clarkei) |
|---|---|
| Antidorcas | Springbok (A. marsupialis) |
| Antilope | Antelop india (A. cervicapra) |
| Dorcatragus | Beira (D. megalotis) |
| Eudorcas | Gazel berwajah merah (E. rufifrons) – Gazel thomson (E. thomsonii) – Gazel heuglin (E. tilonura) – Gazel mongalla (E. albonotata) |
| Gazella | Chinkara (G. bennettii) - Gazel Cuvier (G. cuvieri) - Gazel dorka (G. dorcas) - Gazel pegunungan (G. gazella) - Gazel rhim (G. leptoceros) - Gazel Speke (G. spekei) - Gazel ekor hitam (G. subgutturosa) |
| Litocranius | Gerenuk (L. walleri) |
| Madoqua | Dik-dik Günther (M. guentheri) - Dik-dik Kirk (M. kirkii) - Dik-dik perak (M. piacentinii) - Dik-dik Salt (M. saltiana) |
| Nanger | Gazel dama (N. dama) – Gazel grant (N. granti) – Gazel Soemmerring (N. soemmerringii) |
| Neotragus | Antelop kerdil Bates (N. batesi) - Suni (N. moschatus) - Antelop kerajaan (N. pygmaeus) |
| Oreotragus | Klipspringer (O. oreotragus) |
| Ourebia | Oribi (O. ourebi) |
| Procapra | Zeren (P. gutturosa) - Goa (P. picticaudata) - Gazel Przewalski (P. przewalskii) |
| Raphicerus | Steenbok (R. campestris) - Grysbok selatan (R. melanotis) - Grysbok Sharpe (R. sharpei) |
| Saiga | Antelop saiga (S. tatarica) |
| Bison | Bison amerika (B. bison) – Bison eropa (B. bonasus) |
|---|---|
| Bos | Gayal (B. frontalis) – Seladang (B. gaurus) – Yak domestik (B. grunniens) – Banteng (B. javanicus) – Yak liar (B. mutus) – Kouprey (B. sauveli) – Sapi (B. taurus) |
| Boselaphus | Nilgai (B. tragocamelus) |
| Bubalus | Kerbau (B. bubalis) - Kerbau liar (B. arnee) - Anoa dataran rendah (B. depressicornis) -Tamaraw (B. mindorensis) - Anoa pegunungan (B. quarlesi) |
| Pseudoryx | Saola (P. nghetinhensis) |
| Syncerus | Kerbau afrika (S. caffer) |
| Taurotragus | Eland raksasa (T. derbianus) - Eland umum (T. oryx) |
| Tetracerus | Antelop bertanduk empat (T. quadricornis) |
| Tragelaphus | Nyala (T. angasii) - Nyala pegunungan (T. buxtoni) - Bongo (T. eurycerus) - Kudu kecil (T. imberbis) - Kéwel (T. scriptus) - Sitatunga (T. spekii) - Kudu raksasa (T. strepsiceros) |
| Ammotragus | Domba barbary (A. lervia) |
|---|---|
| Budorcas | Takin (B. taxicolor) |
| Capra | Kambing liar (C. aegagrus) – Kambing domestik (C. aegagrus hircus) – Tur kaukasus barat (C. caucasica) – Tur kaukasus timur (C. cylindricornis) – Markhor (C. falconeri) – Ibex alpin (C. ibex) – Ibex nubia (C. nubiana) – Ibex spanyol (C. pyrenaica) – Ibex siberia (C. sibirica) – Ibex walia (C. walie) |
| Capricornis | Kambing-hutan jepang (C. crispus) – Kambing-hutan cina (C. milneedwardsii) – Kambing-hutan merah (C. rubidus) – Kambing-hutan sumatra (C. sumatraensis) – Kambing-hutan taiwan (C. swinhoei) – Kambing-hutan himalaya (C. thar) |
| Hemitragus | Tahr nilgiri (H. hylocrius) – Tahr arab (H. jayakari) – Tahr himalaya (H. jemlahicus) |
| Naemorhedus | Goral merah (N. baileyi) – Goral ekor panjang (N. caudatus) – Goral abu-abu (N. goral) – Goral cina (N. griseus) |
| Oreamnos | Kambing gunung (O. americanus) |
| Ovibos | Muskox (O. moschatus) |
| Ovis | Argali (O. ammon) – Domba (O. aries) – Domba bertanduk besar (O. canadensis) – Domba dall (O. dalli) – Domba salju (O. nivicola) |
| Pantholops | Antelop tibet (P. hodgsonii) |
| Pseudois | Bharal (P. nayaur) - Domba biru kerdil (P. schaeferi) |
| Rupicapra | Chamois pirenia (R. pyrenaica) - Chamois (R. rupicapra) |
| Cephalophus | Duiker aders (C. adersi) – Duiker brooke (C. brookei) – Duiker peter (C. callipygus) – Duiker teluk (C. dorsalis) – Duiker harvey (C. harveyi) – Duiker jetink (C. jentinki) – Duiker perut-putih (C. leucogaster) – Duiker-hutan merah (C. natalensis) – Duiker hitam (C. niger) – Duiker dahi hitam (C. nigrifrons) – Duiker ogilby (C. ogilbyi) – Duiker leher-merah (C. rufilatus) – Duiker punggung-kuning (C. silvicultor) – Duiker abbot (C. spadix) – Duiker weyns (C. weynsi) – Duiker zebra (C. zebra) |
|---|---|
| Philantomba | Duiker maxwell (P. maxwelli) – Duiker biru (P. monticola) – Duiker walter (P. walteri) |
| Sylvicapra | Duiker umum (S. grimmia) |
| Addax | Adaks (A. nasomaculatus) |
|---|---|
| Hippotragus | Antelop dauk (H. equinus) - Antelop hitam (H. niger) |
| Oryx | Oriks afrika timur (O. beisa) – Oriks simitar (O. dammah) – Gemsbok (O. gazella) – Oriks arab (O. leucoryx) |
| Kobus | Upemba lechwe (K. anselli) – Waterbuck (K. ellipsiprymnus) – Kob (K. kob) – Lechwe (K. leche) – Lechwe nil (K. megaceros) – Puku (K. vardonii) |
|---|---|
| Pelea | Rebok abu-abu (P. capreolus) |
| Redunca | Reedbuck selatan (R. arundinum) - Reedbuck pegunungan (R. fulvorufula) - Reedbuck bohor (R. redunca) |
