Tofenacin

SNRI antidepressant medication

None

Legal statusLegal status

In general: ℞ (Prescription only)

Identifiers

IUPAC name

N-methyl-2-[(2-methylphenyl)(phenyl)methoxy]ethanamine

CAS Number

15301-93-6
10488-36-5 (HCl)

PubChem CID

25315

ChemSpider

23647

UNII

C4A112M10H

ECHA InfoCard100.035.746

Chemical and physical dataFormulaC₁₇H₂₁NOMolar mass255.361 g·mol⁻¹3D model (JSmol)

Interactive image

SMILES

O(CCNC)C(c1ccccc1)c2ccccc2C

InChI

InChI=1S/C17H21NO/c1-14-8-6-7-11-16(14)17(19-13-12-18-2)15-9-4-3-5-10-15/h3-11,17-18H,12-13H2,1-2H3
Key:PNYKGCPSFKLFKA-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Tofenacin is an antidepressant drug with a tricyclic-like structure which was developed and marketed in the United Kingdom and Italy in 1971 and 1981, respectively, by Brocades-Stheeman & Pharmacia (now part of Astellas Pharma).^[1]^[2]^[3] It acts as a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor,^[4] and based on its close relation to orphenadrine, may also possess anticholinergic and antihistamine properties. Tofenacin is also the major active metabolite of orphenadrine and likely plays a role in its beneficial effects against depressive symptoms seen in Parkinson's disease patients.^[5]^[6]

References

^ Index Nominum 2000: International Drug Directory. Taylor & Francis US. 2000. p. 1041. ISBN 978-3-88763-075-1. Retrieved 19 May 2012.
^ Buckingham J (1996). Dictionary of organic compounds: Chemical Abstracts Service registry number index. CRC Press. p. 6074. ISBN 978-0-412-54090-5. Retrieved 19 May 2012.
^ Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia (3rd ed.). Elsevier. 2013-01-15. p. 3268. ISBN 978-0-8155-1526-5. Retrieved 19 May 2012.
^ van Dijk J, Hartog J, Hillen FC (1 January 1978). "Non-Tricyclic Antidepressants". In Ellis GP, West GB (eds.). Progress in Medicinal Chemistry. Elsevier. p. 284. ISBN 978-0-7204-0655-9. Retrieved 19 May 2012.
^ Capstick N, Pudney H (1976). "A comparative trial of orphenadrine and tofenacin in the control of depression and extrapyramidal side-effects associated with fluphenazine decanoate therapy". The Journal of International Medical Research. 4 (6): 435–440. doi:10.1177/030006057600400610. PMID 800383. S2CID 40083513.
^ Altamura AC, Mauri MC, De Novellis F, Percudani M, Vampini V (November 1989). "Residual neuroleptic-induced parkinsonian symptoms in schizophrenia. A naturalistic study with orphenadrine". Pharmacopsychiatry. 22 (6): 246–249. doi:10.1055/s-2007-1014608. PMID 2616635. S2CID 39693625.

Antidepressants (N06A)

Specific reuptake inhibitors and/or receptor modulators

SSRIsTooltip Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors	Citalopram Escitalopram Fluoxetine^# Fluvoxamine Indalpine^‡ Paroxetine Sertraline Zimelidine^‡
SNRIsTooltip Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors	Desvenlafaxine Duloxetine Levomilnacipran Milnacipran Tofenacin Venlafaxine
NRIsTooltip Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors	Atomoxetine Reboxetine Viloxazine
NDRIsTooltip Norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors	Amineptine^‡ Bupropion Nomifensine^‡
NaSSAsTooltip Noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants	Mianserin Mirtazapine Setiptiline
SARIsTooltip Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors	Etoperidone Nefazodone Trazodone
SMSTooltip Serotonin modulator and stimulators	Vilazodone Vortioxetine
Others	Agomelatine Amisulpride Dextromethorphan/bupropion Esketamine Etryptamine^‡ Gepirone Indeloxazine Flupentixol Ketamine^§ Medifoxamine^‡ Metryptamine^‡ Oxaflozane^‡ Pivagabine^‡ Tandospirone Teniloxazine Tianeptine

Tricyclic and tetracyclic antidepressants

TCAsTooltip Tricyclic antidepressants	Amineptine^‡ Amitriptyline^# Amitriptylinoxide Amoxapine Butriptyline^‡ Clomipramine^# Demexiptiline^‡ Desipramine Dibenzepin Dimetacrine^‡ Dosulepin Doxepin Imipramine Imipraminoxide^‡ Iprindole^‡ Lofepramine Melitracen Metapramine^‡ Nitroxazepine Nortriptyline Noxiptiline Opipramol Pipofezine Propizepine^‡ Protriptyline Quinupramine^‡ Tianeptine Trimipramine
TeCAsTooltip Tetracyclic antidepressants	Maprotiline Mianserin Mirtazapine Setiptiline
Others	Tiazesim

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors

Non-selective	Irreversible: Benmoxin^‡ Iproclozide^‡ Iproniazid^‡ Isocarboxazid Isoniazid^# Linezolid^# Mebanazine^‡ Nialamide^‡ Octamoxin^‡ Phenelzine Pheniprazine^‡ Phenoxypropazine^‡ Pivhydrazine^‡ Safrazine^‡ Tedizolid Tranylcypromine Reversible: Caroxazone^‡ Mixed: Bifemelane
MAO_ATooltip Monoamine oxidase A-selective	Reversible: Eprobemide Metralindole Minaprine^‡ Moclobemide Pirlindole Tetrindole Toloxatone
MAO_BTooltip Monoamine oxidase B-selective	Irreversible: Selegiline

Adjunctive therapies
Atypical antipsychotics (aripiprazole, brexpiprazole, lurasidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone) Buspirone Lithium (lithium carbonate, lithium citrate) Thyroid hormones (triiodothyronine (T₃), levothyroxine (T₄))

Miscellaneous
Ademetionine (SAMe) GABAkine neurosteroids (brexanolone, zuranolone) Hypericum perforatum (St. John's Wort) Oxitriptan (5-HTP) Rubidium chloride (RbCl) Tryptophan

^#WHO-EM
^‡Withdrawn from market
Clinical trials:
- ^†Phase III
- ^§Never to phase III

Pharmacodynamics

Histamine receptor modulators

H₁

Agonists

Antagonists

First-generation: 4-Methyldiphenhydramine
Alimemazine
Antazoline
Azatadine
Bamipine
Benzatropine (benztropine)
Bepotastine
Bromazine
Brompheniramine
Buclizine
Captodiame
Carbinoxamine
Chlorcyclizine
Chloropyramine
Chlorothen
Chlorphenamine
Chlorphenoxamine
Cinnarizine
Clemastine
Clobenzepam
Clocinizine
Cloperastine
Cyclizine
Cyproheptadine
Dacemazine
Decloxizine
Deptropine
Dexbrompheniramine
Dexchlorpheniramine
Dimenhydrinate
Dimetindene
Diphenhydramine
Diphenylpyraline
Doxylamine
Embramine
Etodroxizine
Etybenzatropine (ethylbenztropine)
Etymemazine
Fenethazine
Flunarizine
Histapyrrodine
Homochlorcyclizine
Hydroxyethylpromethazine
Hydroxyzine
Isopromethazine
Isothipendyl
Meclozine
Medrylamine
Mepyramine (pyrilamine)
Mequitazine
Methafurylene
Methapyrilene
Methdilazine
Moxastine
Orphenadrine
Oxatomide
Oxomemazine
Perlapine
Phenindamine
Pheniramine
Phenyltoloxamine
Pimethixene
Piperoxan
Pipoxizine
Promethazine
Propiomazine
Pyrrobutamine
Talastine
Thenalidine
Thenyldiamine
Thiazinamium
Thonzylamine
Tolpropamine
Tripelennamine
Triprolidine

Second/third-generation: Acrivastine
Alinastine
Astemizole
Azelastine
Bamirastine
Barmastine
Bepiastine
Bepotastine
Bilastine
Cabastinen
Carebastine
Cetirizine
Clemastine
Clemizole
Clobenztropine
Desloratadine
Dorastine
Ebastine
Efletirizine
Emedastine
Epinastine
Fexofenadine
Flezelastine
Ketotifen
Latrepirdine
Levocabastine
Levocetirizine
Linetastine
Loratadine
Mapinastine
Mebhydrolin
Mizolastine
Moxastine
Noberastine
Octastine
Olopatadine
Perastine
Pibaxizine
Piclopastine
Quifenadine (phencarol)
Rocastine
Rupatadine
Setastine
Sequifenadine (bicarphen)
Talastine
Temelastine
Terfenadine
Vapitadine
Zepastine

Others: Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., aripiprazole, asenapine, brexpiprazole, brilaroxazine, clozapine, iloperidone, olanzapine, paliperidone, quetiapine, risperidone, ziprasidone, zotepine)
Phenylpiperazine antidepressants (e.g., hydroxynefazodone, nefazodone, trazodone, triazoledione)
Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, loxapine, maprotiline, mianserin, mirtazapine, oxaprotiline)
Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, butriptyline, clomipramine, desipramine, dosulepin (dothiepin), doxepin, imipramine, iprindole, lofepramine, nortriptyline, protriptyline, trimipramine)
Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, flupenthixol, fluphenazine, loxapine, perphenazine, prochlorperazine, thioridazine, thiothixene)

Unknown/unsorted: Azanator
Belarizine
Elbanizine
Flotrenizine
GSK1004723
Napactadine
Tagorizine
Trelnarizine
Trenizine

H₂

Agonists	Amthamine Betazole Dimaprit Histamine HTMT Impromidine L-Histidine UR-AK49
Antagonists	Bisfentidine Burimamide Cimetidine Dalcotidine Donetidine Ebrotidine Etintidine Famotidine Isolamtidine Lafutidine Lamtidine Lavoltidine (loxtidine) Lupitidine Metiamide Mifentidine Niperotidine Nizatidine Osutidine Oxmetidine Pibutidine Quisultazine (quisultidine) Ramixotidine Ranitidine Roxatidine Sufotidine Tiotidine Tuvatidine Venritidine Xaltidine Zolantidine

H₃

Agonists	α-Methylhistamine Cipralisant Histamine Imetit Immepip Immethridine L-Histidine Methimepip Proxyfan
Antagonists	A-349821 A-423579 ABT-239 ABT-652 AZD5213 Bavisant Betahistine Burimamide Ciproxifan Clobenpropit Conessine Enerisant GSK-189254 Impentamine Iodophenpropit Irdabisant JNJ-5207852 NNC 38-1049 PF-03654746 Pitolisant SCH-79687 Thioperamide VUF-5681

H₄

Agonists	4-Methylhistamine α-Methylhistamine Histamine L-Histidine OUP-16 VUF-8430
Antagonists	JNJ-7777120 Mianserin Seliforant Thioperamide Toreforant VUF-6002

See also: Receptor/signaling modulators; Monoamine metabolism modulators; Monoamine reuptake inhibitors

Monoamine reuptake inhibitors

DATTooltip Dopamine transporter
(DRIsTooltip Dopamine reuptake inhibitors)

Piperazines: DBL-583 GBR-12783 GBR-12935 GBR-13069 GBR-13098 Nefazodone Vanoxerine
Piperidines: 4-Fluoropethidine Benocyclidine (BTCP) Desoxypipradrol Dexmethylphenidate Difemetorex Ethylphenidate HDMP-28 Methylphenidate Pethidine (meperidine) Phencyclidine Pipradrol Serdexmethylphenidate Tenocyclidine
Pyrrolidines: Diphenylprolinol MDPV Naphyrone Prolintane Pyrovalerone
Tropanes: Altropane Benzatropine (benztropine) Brasofensine CFT Cocaine Dichloropane Difluoropine Etybenzatropine (ethybenztropine) FE-β-CPPIT FP-β-CPPIT Ioflupane (¹²³I) RTI-55 RTI-112 RTI-113 RTI-121 RTI-126 RTI-150 RTI-177 RTI-229 RTI-336 Tesofensine Troparil Tropoxane WF-11 WF-23 WF-31 WF-33
Others: Adrafinil Amifitadine Armodafinil Amfonelic acid Amineptine Ansofaxine BTQ BTS 74,398 Bupropion Chaenomeles speciosa Ciclazindol Dasotraline Desmethylsertraline Desmethylsibutramine (BTS-54354) Diclofensine Didesmethylsibutramine (BTS-54505) Dimethocaine Diphenylpyraline Dizocilpine (MK-801) DOV-102,677 DOV-216,303 Efavirenz Ephenidine Esketamine EXP-561 Fencamfamin Fezolamine Fluorenol GYKI-52895 Hydroxybupropion Indatraline Ketamine Lefetamine Levophacetoperane Liafensine LR-5182 Manifaxine Mazindol Medifoxamine Mesocarb Metaphit MIN-117 (WF-516) Modafinil Nefopam Nomifensine NS-2359 O-2172 Oroxylin A Perafensine Pridefine Radafaxine Rimcazole Sertraline Sibutramine Solriamfetol Tametraline Tedatioxetine Threohydrobupropion Tripelennamine Venlafaxine

NETTooltip Norepinephrine transporter
(NRIsTooltip Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors)

Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors: Amedalin Alseroxylon Ciclazindol Daledalin Edivoxetine Esreboxetine Lortalamine Mazindol Nisoxetine Reboxetine Talopram Talsupram Tandamine Teniloxazine Viloxazine
Norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors: Amineptine Bupropion Fencamine Fencamfamin Hydroxybupropion Lefetamine Levophacetoperane LR-5182 Manifaxine Methylphenidate Nomifensine O-2172 Radafaxine Serdexmethylphenidate Solriamfetol
Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors: Atomoxetine (tomoxetine) CP-39,332 Desvenlafaxine Duloxetine Eclanamine Levomilnacipran McN5652 Milnacipran N-Methyl-PPPA Nafenodone PPPA Tofenacin Venlafaxine
Serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors: 3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine Amifitadine Ansofaxine Bicifadine Brasofensine Centanafadine Cocaine Dasotraline Desmethylsertraline Desmethylsibutramine (BTS-54354) Diclofensine Didesmethylsibutramine (BTS-54505) DOV-102677 DOV-216303 EXP-561 Fezolamine HDMP-28 HP-505 Indatraline JNJ-7925476 JZ-IV-10 Liafensine Mazindol Naphyrone Nefazodone Nefopam NS-2359 Perafensine PRC200 Pridefine SEP-228431 SEP-228432 Sibutramine Tedatioxetine Tesofensine Threohydrobupropion Tropanes (e.g., cocaine)
Tricyclic antidepressants: Amitriptyline Butriptyline Cianopramine Clomipramine Desipramine Dosulepin (dothiepin) Doxepin Imipramine Lofepramine Melitracen Nortriptyline Protriptyline Trimipramine
Tetracyclic antidepressants: Amoxapine Maprotiline Mianserin Oxaprotiline Setiptiline
Others: Antihistamines (e.g., brompheniramine, chlorphenamine, pheniramine, tripelennamine) Antipsychotics (e.g., loxapine, ziprasidone) Arylcyclohexylamines (e.g., ketamine, phencyclidine) Dopexamine Ephenidine Ginkgo biloba Indeloxazine Nefazodone Opioids (e.g., desmetramadol, methadone, pethidine (meperidine), tapentadol, tramadol, levorphanol)

SERTTooltip Serotonin transporter
(SRIsTooltip Serotonin reuptake inhibitors)

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: 6-Nitroquipazine Alaproclate Centpropazine Cericlamine Citalopram Dapoxetine Desmethylcitalopram Didesmethylcitalopram Escitalopram Femoxetine Fluoxetine Fluvoxamine Indalpine Ifoxetine Norfluoxetine Omiloxetine Panuramine Paroxetine PIM-35 Pirandamine RTI-353 Seproxetine Sertraline Zimelidine Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and serotonin receptor modulators: Etoperidone Litoxetine Lubazodone LY-393558 Quipazine SB-649915 TGBA01AD Trazodone Vilazodone Vortioxetine
Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors: Atomoxetine (tomoxetine) Bicifadine CP-39332 Desvenlafaxine Duloxetine Eclanamine Levomilnacipran McN5652 Milnacipran N-Methyl-PPPA PPPA Tofenacin Venlafaxine
Serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors: 3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine Amifitadine Ansofaxine Bicifadine Brasofensine Centanafadine Cocaine Dasotraline Desmethylsertraline Desmethylsibutramine (BTS-54354) Diclofensine Didesmethylsibutramine (BTS-54505) DOV-102677 DOV-216303 EXP-561 Fezolamine HDMP-28 HP-505 Indatraline JNJ-7925476 JZ-IV-10 Liafensine Mazindol Naphyrone Nefazodone Nefopam NS-2359 Perafensine PRC200 Pridefine SEP-228431 SEP-228432 Sibutramine Tedatioxetine Tesofensine Threohydrobupropion Tropanes (e.g., cocaine)
Tricyclic antidepressants: Amitriptyline Cianopramine Clomipramine Cyanodothiepin Desipramine Dosulepin (dothiepin) Doxepin Imipramine Lofepramine Nortriptyline Pipofezine Protriptyline
Others: A-80426 Amoxapine Antihistamines (e.g., brompheniramine, chlorphenamine, dimenhydrinate, diphenhydramine, mepyramine (pyrilamine), pheniramine, tripelennamine) Antipsychotics (e.g., loxapine, ziprasidone) Arylcyclohexylamines (e.g., 3-MeO-PCP, esketamine, ketamine, methoxetamine, phencyclidine) Cyclobenzaprine Delucemine Dextromethorphan Dextrorphan Efavirenz Hypidone Medifoxamine Mesembrine Mifepristone MIN-117 (WF-516) N-Me-5-HT Opioids (e.g., dextropropoxyphene, methadone, pethidine (meperidine), levorphanol, tapentadol, tramadol) Roxindole

VMATsTooltip Vesicular monoamine transporters

Amiodarone
Amphetamines (e.g., amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA)
APP
AZIK
Bietaserpine
Deserpidine
Deutetrabenazine
Dihydrotetrabenazine
Efavirenz
GBR-12935
GZ-793A
Ibogaine
Ketanserin
Lobeline
Methoxytetrabenazine
Reserpine
Rose bengal
Tetrabenazine
Valbenazine
Vanoxerine (GBR-12909)

Others

DAT enhancers: Luteolin

DAT modulators: Agonist-like: SoRI-9804
SoRI-20040; Antagonist-like: SoRI-20041

See also: Receptor/signaling modulators • Monoamine releasing agents • Adrenergics • Dopaminergics • Serotonergics • Monoamine metabolism modulators • Monoamine neurotoxins

Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators

mAChRsTooltip Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors

Agonists