List of communist states

States that adopt the communist ideology
A map of communist states:
  Current
  Former

The following are lists of current and former communist states.

Current communist states

The following countries are one-party states in which the institutions of the ruling communist party and the state have become intertwined. They are adherents of Marxism–Leninism. They are listed here together with the year of their founding and their respective ruling parties.[1]

Overview of current states espousing Marxism–Leninism
Country Local name Since Ruling party Ideology
 People's Republic of China[nb 1] Chinese: 中华人民共和国
Pinyin: Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó 		1 October 1949 (1949-10-01) Communist Party of China Socialism with Chinese characteristics
 Republic of Cuba Spanish: República de Cuba 1 January 1959 (1959-01-01)
24 February 1976 (1976-02-24) (communist constitution adopted) 		Communist Party of Cuba
 Lao People's Democratic Republic Lao: ສາທາລະນະລັດ ປະຊາທິປະໄຕ ປະຊາຊົນລາວ
Lao romanisation: Sathalanalat Paxathipatai Paxaxon Lao 		2 December 1975 (1975-12-02) Lao People's Revolutionary Party Kaysone Phomvihane Thought
 Socialist Republic of Vietnam Vietnamese: Cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam 2 September 1945 (North Vietnam[nb 2])
30 April 1975 (South Vietnam)
2 July 1976 (unified) 		Communist Party of Vietnam Ho Chi Minh Thought

Disputed

Although founded as a Marxist–Leninist state, North Korea began moving away from orthodox Marxism–Leninism and replaced all references to Marxism–Leninism in the Constitution of North Korea with Juche in 1992.[2] In 2009, the constitution was quietly amended so that not only did it remove all Marxist–Leninist references present in the first draft, but it also dropped all reference to communism.[3] According to North Korea: A Country Study by Robert L. Worden, Marxism–Leninism was abandoned immediately after the start of de-Stalinisation in the Soviet Union and it has been totally replaced by Juche since at least 1974.[4] The government's official ideology is now the Juche part of Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism policy of Kim Il Sung as opposed to orthodox Marxism–Leninism. The ruling Workers' Party of Korea reinstated its goal towards communism in 2021.[5] Some communists, especially the anti revisionists, call the DPRK a non marxist socialist state.

Country Local name Since Ruling party Ideology
 North Korea Korean: 조선민주주의인민공화국
MR: Chosŏn Minjujuŭi Inmin Konghwaguk 		9 September 1948 (1948-09-09) Workers' Party of Korea Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism

Multi-party states with governing communist parties

There are multi-party states with communist parties leading the government. Such states are not considered to be communist states because the countries themselves allow for multiple parties and do not provide a constitutional role for their communist parties. Nepal was previously ruled by the Nepal Communist Party, the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist), and the Unified Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) between 1994 and 1998 and then again between 2008 and 2018 while states formerly ruled by one or more communist parties include San Marino (1945–1957 and 1978-1990), Nicaragua (1984–1990), Moldova (2001–2009), Cyprus (2008–2013), and Guyana (1992–2015).

Venezuela is currently ruled by Nicolás Maduro, who has been President since 2013 (disputed since 2019). Maduro is the leader of the United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV), which is considered far-left and Marxist.[6]

During the socialist Free Peru party's rule over Peru, many international observers described the party as being somewhat Marxist[7][8][9] or even Marxist–Leninist.[10][11]

Former communist states

States that had communist governments in red, states that the Soviet Union believed at one point to be moving toward socialism in orange, and states with constitutional references to socialism in yellow
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.
     Officially ruling parties in communist states
     Communist parties as ruling parties or part of a governing coalition in multi-party states
     Formerly ruling in a one-party system
     Formerly ruling in a parliamentary majority or minority government
     Formerly ruling as a coalition partner or supporter

The following communist states were socialist states committed to communism. Some were short-lived and preceded the widespread adoption of Marxism–Leninism by most communist states.

Notes

  1. ^ Hong Kong and Macau are administrated under the "one country, two systems" principle.
  2. ^ Vietnam was divided on 21 July 1954
  3. ^ Although the government's official ideology is now the Juche part of Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism policy of Kim Il Sung as opposed to orthodox Marxism–Leninism, it is still considered a socialist state. In 1992, all references to Marxism–Leninism in the Constitution of North Korea were dropped and replaced with Juche.[2] In 2009, the constitution was quietly amended so that not only did it remove all Marxist–Leninist references present in the first draft, but it also dropped all reference to communism.[37] According to North Korea: A Country Study by Robert L. Worden, Marxism–Leninism was abandoned immediately after the start of de-Stalinisation in the Soviet Union and it has been totally replaced by Juche since at least 1974.[38]

References

  1. ^ "North Korea". The World Factbook. CIA. Archived from the original on 13 June 2009.
  2. ^ a b Dae-Kyu, Yoon (2003). "The Constitution of North Korea: Its Changes and Implications". Fordham International Law Journal. 27 (4): 1289–1305. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
  3. ^ Park, Seong-Woo (23 September 2009). "Bug gaejeong heonbeob 'seongunsasang' cheos myeong-gi" 북 개정 헌법 '선군사상' 첫 명기 [First stipulation of the 'Seongun Thought' of the North Korean Constitution] (in Korean). Radio Free Asia. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
  4. ^ Worden, Robert L. (2008). North Korea: A Country Study (PDF) (5th ed.). Washington, D. C.: Library of Congress. p. 206. ISBN 978-0-8444-1188-0.
  5. ^ "북한 노동당 규약 주요 개정 내용" [Major revisions to North Korea's Workers' Party rules]. Yonhap News Agency. 1 June 2021. Retrieved 13 August 2022.
  6. ^ "Libro Rojo" [Red Book] (PDF). psuv.org.ve (in Spanish). December 2014. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
  7. ^ "Pedro Castillo: The primary school teacher who became Peru's president". BBC News. 28 July 2021. Retrieved 31 July 2021. Casting himself as a man of the people, Mr Castillo was rarely seen without the traditional white, broad-rimmed hat of his Cajamarca region, and a huge inflatable pencil, the symbol of his Marxist Free Peru party which also represents his background in education.
  8. ^ "Peru president challenged by his own party over Cabinet". AP News. 14 October 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  9. ^ "Havana-Trained Marxist Pushes Peru's New President to the Left". Bloomberg. 23 August 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  10. ^ "Peru's Congress postpones Cabinet confirmation vote to next week". Reuters. 25 October 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  11. ^ "Peru confirms new moderate-left cabinet". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2021-11-15.
  12. ^ Tanner, Väinö (1956). The Winter War: Finland Against Russia, 1939–1940, Volume 312. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press. p. 114.
  13. ^ Trotter, William (2013). A Frozen Hell: The Russo-Finnish Winter War of 1939–1940. Algonquin Books. p. 58, 61.
  14. ^ Kokoshin, Andrei (1998). Soviet Strategic Thought, 1917–91. MIT Press. p. 93.
  15. ^ Tarnas, R. (2006). Cosmos and Psyche: Intimations of a New World View. Viking. p. 158. ISBN 978-0-670-03292-1. Retrieved 6 February 2023 – via Google Books.
  16. ^ Gallardo, P.; Russell, E. (2014). Yesterday's Tomorrows: On Utopia and Dystopia. Cambridge Scholars Publisher. p. 26. ISBN 978-1-4438-5877-9. Retrieved 6 February 2023 – via Google Books.
  17. ^ Hoffrogge, Ralf (2014). "Working-Class Politics in the German Revolution". In Müller, Richard (ed.). The Revolutionary Shop Stewards and the Origins of the Council Movement. Leiden: Brill Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-21921-2.
  18. ^ Till Schelze-Brandenburg, Till (2008). "Die Bremer Räterepublik" [The Bremen Soviet Republic]. University of Bremen. Archived from the original on 28 June 2008.
  19. ^ Hooglund, Eric James (1966). The Munich Soviet Republic of April, 1919. Orono, Maine: University of Maine – via Google Books.
  20. ^ Mitchell, Allan (1965). Revolution in Bavaria, 1918–1919: The Eisner Regime and the Soviet Republic. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 346. ISBN 978-1400878802.
  21. ^ Gaab, Jeffrey S. (2006). Munich: Hofbräuhaus & History: Beer, Culture, and Politics. Peter Lang / International Academic Publishers. p. 58. ISBN 978-0820486062.
  22. ^ Kletzin, Jochen (1978). "Die Würzburger Sozialdemokratie in der Weimarer Republik" [The Würzburg Social Democracy in the Weimar Republic]. In Loew, Hans Werner; Schönhoven, Klaus (eds.). Würzburgs Sozialdemokraten: vom Arbeiterverein zur Sozialdemokratischen Volkspartei [Würzburg's Social Democrats. From the Workers' Association to the Social Democratic People's Party] (in German). Würzburg: Stürtz. pp. 60–64.
  23. ^ Stickler, Matthias (2007). "Neuanfang und Kontinuität: Würzburg in der Weimarer Republik." [New Beginnings and Continuity: Würzburg in the Weimar Republic.]. In Wagner, Ulrich (ed.). Geschichte der Stadt Würzburg [History of the City of Würzburg] (in German). Stuttgart: Theiss. pp. 1269 note 18. ISBN 978-3-8062-1478-9.
  24. ^ Evans, Richard J. (2003). The Coming of the Third Reich. New York: Penguin. pp. 158–161. ISBN 0-14-303469-3.
  25. ^ Evans, Richard J. (2003). The Coming of the Third Reich. New York: Penguin. pp. 158–161. ISBN 0-14-303469-3.
  26. ^ Major, Patrick; Osmond, Jonathan (2002). The Workers' and Peasants' State: Communism and Society in East Germany Under Ulbricht 1945–71. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-6289-6.
  27. ^ Milza, Pierre (2009). L'année terrible: La Commune (mars–juin 1871) [The terrible year: La Commune (March–June 1871)] (in French). Paris: Perrin. ISBN 978-2-262-03073-5.
  28. ^ Rougerie, Jacques (2014). La Commune de 1871. Paris: Presses universitaires de France. ISBN 978-2-13-062078-5.
  29. ^ Gluckstein, Donny (2006). The Paris Commune: A Revolutionary Democracy. Bookmarks. ISBN 978-1-905192-14-4.
  30. ^ Archer, Julian P. W. (April 1972). "The Crowd in the Lyon Commune and the Insurrection of La Guillotiere". International Review of Social History. 17 (1): 183–188. doi:10.1017/S0020859000006489. ISSN 0020-8590. JSTOR 44594905.
  31. ^ Moissonnier, Maurice (1972). La premiere internationale et la commune a Lyon (1865–1871) [The international premiere and the commune in Lyon (1865–1871)] (in French). Paris: Editions sociales. OCLC 902707001.
  32. ^ Cordillot, Michel (1990). La naissance du mouvement ouvrier à Besançon - la Première internationale 1869-1872 [The birth of the labor movement in Besançon - the First International 1869-1872] (in French). Besançon: Cahier d'Études comtoises. ISBN 2251604197.
  33. ^ Arjakas, Küllo; Laur, Mati; Lukas, Tõnis; Mäesalu, Ain (1991). Eesti ajalugu [History of Estonia] (in Estonian). Tallinn: Koolibri. p. 261.
  34. ^ Attitudes of Major Soviet Nationalities (PDF). Vol. II. The Baltics. Center for International Studies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1973. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
  35. ^ Swanson, John C. (2017). Tangible Belonging: Negotiating Germanness in Twentieth-Century Hungary. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 80. ISBN 978-0-8229-8199-2.
  36. ^ Völgyes, Iván (1970). "The Hungarian Dictatorship of 1919: Russian Example versus Hungarian Reality". East European Quarterly. 1 (4): 58. ISSN 0012-8449.
  37. ^ Park, Seong-Woo (23 September 2009). "Bug gaejeong heonbeob 'seongunsasang' cheos myeong-gi" 북 개정 헌법 '선군사상' 첫 명기 [First stipulation of the 'Seongun Thought' of the North Korean Constitution] (in Korean). Radio Free Asia. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
  38. ^ Worden, Robert L. (2008). North Korea: A Country Study (PDF) (5th ed.). Washington, D. C.: Library of Congress. p. 206. ISBN 978-0-8444-1188-0.
  39. ^ Layne, Joseph Ewart (2014). We Move Tonight: The Making of the Grenada Revolution. Grenada Revolution Memorial Foundation.
  40. ^ Khadzhiev, Georgi (1992). "The Transfiguration Uprising and the 'Strandzha Commune': The First Libertarian Commune in Bulgaria". Nat︠s︡ionalnoto osvobozhdenie i bezvlastnii︠a︡t federalizŭm [National Liberation and Libertarian Federalism] (in Bulgarian). Translated by Firth, Will. Sofia: Artizdat-5. pp. 99–148. OCLC 27030696. Archived from the original on May 7, 2020.
  41. ^ Vasséva, Sonia (2 August 2013). "2 août: Insurrection de la Saint Elie et de la Transfiguration" [August 2: Insurrection of Saint Elijah and the Transfiguration] (in French). Radio Bulgaria. Retrieved 12 December 2016.

Bibliography

General

References for when the individuals were elected to the office of CCP leader, the name of the offices and when they established and were abolished are found below.

Articles and journal entries

  • Bui, T. (2016). "Constitutionalizing Single Party Leadership in Vietnam: Dilemmas of Reform" (PDF). Asian Journal of Comparative Law. 11 (2). Cambridge University Press: 219–234. doi:10.1017/asjcl.2016.22.
  • Chang, Yu-nan (August 1956). "The Chinese Communist State System Under the Constitution of 1954". The Journal of Politics. 18 (3). The University of Chicago Press on behalf of the Southern Political Science Association: 520–546. doi:10.2307/2127261. JSTOR 2127261. S2CID 154446161.
  • Guins, George (July 1950). "Law Does not Wither Away in the Soviet Union". The Russian Review. 9 (3). Wiley on behalf of The Editors and Board of Trustees of the Russian Review: 187–204. doi:10.2307/125763. JSTOR 125763.
  • Hand, Keith (2016). "An Assessment of Socialist Constitutional Supervision Models and Prospects for a Constitutional Supervision Committee in China: The Constitution as Commander?". Legal Studies Research Paper Series (150). University of California. SSRN 2624663.
  • Hazard, John (August 1975). "Soviet Model for Marxian Socialist Constitutions". Cornell Law Review. 60 (6). Cornell University: 109–118.
  • Imam, Zafar (July–September 1986). "The Theory of the Soviet State Today". The Indian Journal of Political Science. 47 (3). Indian Political Science Association: 382–398. JSTOR 41855253.
  • Keith, Richard (March 1991). "Chinese Politics and the New Theory of 'Rule of Law'". The China Quarterly. 125 (125). Cambridge University Press on behalf of the School of Oriental and African Studies: 109–118. doi:10.1017/S0305741000030320. JSTOR 654479. S2CID 154980279.
  • Kokoshin, Andrey (October 2016). "2015 Military Reform in the People's Republic of China" (PDF). Belfer Center Paper. Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs.
  • Kramer, Mark N. (January 1985). "Civil-Military Relations in the Warsaw Pact: The East European Component". International Affairs. 61 (1). Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Institute of International Affairs: 45–66. doi:10.2307/2619779. JSTOR 2619779.
  • Miller, Alice (January 2018). "The 19th Central Committee Politburo" (PDF). China Leadership Monitor (55). Hoover Institute.
  • Mulvenon, James (January 2018). "The Cult of Xi and the Rise of the CMC Chairman Responsibility System" (PDF). China Leadership Monitor (55). Hoover Institute.
  • Poelzer, Greg (1989). An Analysis of Grenada as a Socialist-Oriented State (Thesis). Carleton University.
  • Skilling, H. Gordon (January 1961). "People's Democracy and the Socialist Revolution: A Case Study in Communist Scholarship. Part I". Soviet Studies. Vol. 12, no. 3. Taylor & Francis. pp. 241–262.
  • Snyder, Stanley (1987). Soviet Troop Control and the Power Distribution (Thesis). Naval Postgraduate School. hdl:10945/22490.
  • National Foreign Assessment Center (1980). Political Control of the Soviet Armed Forces (PDF) (Report). Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 January 2017.
  • Steiner, Arthur (1951). "The Role of the Chinese Communist Party". The Annals. 277. SAGE Publications in association with the American Academy of Political and Social Science: 56–66. JSTOR 1030252.
  • Tang, Peter S. H. (February 1980). "The Soviet, Chinese and Albanian Constitutions: Ideological Divergence and Institutionalized Confrontation?". Studies in Soviet Thought. 21 (1). Springer Publishing: 39–58. doi:10.1007/BF00832025. JSTOR 20098938.pdf. S2CID 144486393.
  • Thayer, Carlyle (2008). "Military Politics in Contemporary Vietnam" (PDF). In Mietzner, Marcus (ed.). The Political Resurgence of the Military in Southeast Asia: Conflict and Leadership. Routledge. ISBN 9780415460354.
  • Quigley, John (Autumn 1989). "Socialist Law and the Civil Law Tradition" (PDF). The American Journal of Comparative Law. 37 (4). Oxford University Press: 781–808. doi:10.2307/840224. JSTOR 840224. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 May 2018. Retrieved 26 December 2019.

Books

  • Blasko, Dennis (2006). The Chinese Army Today: Tradition and Transformation for the 21st Century. Routledge. ISBN 9781135988777.
  • Dimitrov, Vessellin (2006). "Bulgaria: A Core Against the Odds". In Dimitrov, Vessellin; Goetz, H. Klaus; Wollmann, Hellmut (eds.). Governing after Communism: Institutions and Policymaking (2nd ed.). Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 159–203. ISBN 9780742540095.
  • Ellman, Michael (2014). Socialist Planning (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107427327.
  • Evans, Daniel (1993). Soviet Marxism–Leninism: The Decline of an Ideology. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9780275947637.
  • Feldbrugge, F. J. M. (1985). "Council of Ministers". In Feldbrugge, F. J. M.; Van den Berg, G. P.; Simons, William B. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Soviet Law (2nd ed.). Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 202–204. ISBN 1349060860.
  • Furtak, Robert K. (1987). The Political Systems of the Socialist States. New York City: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 9780312625276.
  • Gardner, John; Schöpflin, George; White, Stephen (1987). Communist Political Systems (2nd ed.). Macmillan Education. ISBN 0-333-44108-7.
  • Harding, Neil (1981). "What Does It Mean to Call a Regime Marxist?". In Szajkowski, Bogdan (ed.). Marxist Governments. Vol. 1. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 22–33. ISBN 978-0-333-25704-3.
  • Hazard, John (1985). "Constitutional Law". In Feldbrugge, F. J. M.; Van den Berg, G. P.; Simons, William B. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Soviet Law (2nd ed.). Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 162–163. ISBN 1349060860.
  • Li, Lin (2017). Building the Rule of Law in China. Elsevier. ISBN 9780128119303.
  • Loeber, Dietrich Andre (1984). "On the Status of the CPSU within the Soviet Legal System". In Simons, William; White, Stephen (eds.). The Party Statutes of the Communist World. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 1–22. ISBN 9789024729753.
  • Nelson, Daniel (1982). "Communist Legislatures and Communist Politics". In Nelson, Daniel; White, Stephen (eds.). Communist Legislatures in Comparative Perspective. Vol. 1. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 1–13. ISBN 1349060860.
  • Rosser, Barkley; Rosser, Marianne (2003). Comparative Economics in a Transforming World Economy. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0262182348.
  • Staar, Richard (1988). Communist Regimes in Eastern Europe (4th ed.). Hoover Press. ISBN 9780817976934.
  • Steele, David Ramsay (September 1999). From Marx to Mises: Post Capitalist Society and the Challenge of Economic Calculation. Open Court. ISBN 978-0875484495.
  • Triska, Jan, ed. (1968). Constitution of the Communist-Party States. Hoover Institution Publications. ISBN 978-0817917012.
  • Tung, W. L. (2012). The Political Institutions of Modern China (2nd ed.). Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9789401034432.
  • Wilczynski, J. (2008). The Economics of Socialism after World War Two: 1945–1990. Aldine Transaction. ISBN 9780202362281.
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