Interleukin 32

IL32
Identifiers
Aliases	IL32, IL-32alpha, IL-32beta, IL-32delta, IL-32gamma, NK4, TAIF, TAIFa, TAIFb, TAIFc, TAIFd, Interleukin 32, IL-32
External IDs	OMIM: 606001; HomoloGene: 128400; GeneCards: IL32; OMA:IL32 - orthologs
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 16 (human)[1] Band 16p13.3 Start 3,065,297 bp[1] End 3,082,192 bp[1]
RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in body of pancreas spleen duodenum jejunal mucosa islet of Langerhans gallbladder upper lobe of left lung rectum right lobe of liver right lung n/a More reference expression data BioGPS n/a
Gene ontology Molecular function cytokine activity protein binding Cellular component extracellular region membrane cytosol extracellular space Biological process defense response cell adhesion immune response regulation of signaling receptor activity cytokine-mediated signaling pathway Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 9235 n/a Ensembl ENSG00000008517 n/a UniProt P24001 n/a RefSeq (mRNA) NM_001012631 NM_001012632 NM_001012633 NM_001012634 NM_001012635 NM_001012636 NM_001012718 NM_001308078 NM_004221 n/a RefSeq (protein) NP_001012649 NP_001012650 NP_001012651 NP_001012652 NP_001012653 NP_001012654 NP_001012736 NP_001295007 NP_004212 NP_001356516 NP_001356517 NP_001356518 NP_001356519 NP_001356520 NP_001356521 NP_001356522 NP_001356524 NP_001356525 NP_001363852 n/a Location (UCSC) Chr 16: 3.07 – 3.08 Mb n/a PubMed search [2] n/a
Wikidata
View/Edit Human

Interleukin 32 (IL32) is proinflammatory cytokine that in humans is encoded by the IL32 gene.^[3] Interleukin 32 can be found in higher mammals but not in rodents. It is mainly expressed intracellularly and the protein has nine different isoforms, because the pre-mRNA can be alternatively spliced.^[4][5] The most active and studied isoform is IL-32γ. It was first reported in 2005,^[6] although the IL-32 gene was first described in 1992.^[7] It does not belong to any cytokine family because there is almost no homology with other cytokines.^[5]

mRNA of IL-32 is mostly expressed in immune cells but also can be expressed in other tissues such as spleen, thymus, lung, small intestine, colon, prostate, heart, placenta, liver, muscle, kidney, pancreas and brain.^[4][5]

Interleukin 32 is connected with several diseases, including cancer.

Function

This gene encodes a member of the cytokine family. The protein contains a tyrosine sulfation site, 3 potential N-myristoylation sites, multiple putative phosphorylation sites, and an RGD cell-attachment sequence. Expression of this protein is increased after the activation of T-cells by mitogens or the activation of NK cells by IL-2. This protein induces the production of TNF-alpha from macrophage cells. Alternate transcriptional splice variants, encoding different isoforms, have been characterized.^[3]

Interleukin 32 (IL-32) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that can induce cells of the immune system (such as monocytes and macrophages) to secrete inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and IL-6. In addition, it can also induce the production of chemokines such as IL-8 and MIP-2 / CXCL2.^[6]

IL-32 can also support osteoclast differentiation but not osteoclast activation by regulating the MAPK/ERK pathway and the actin cytoskeleton.^[8]

Cancer

Cancer is often connected with chronic infection and inflammation – they are cause of cancer in 25% of cases. IL-32 plays role in chronic inflammation process and in cancers connected with chronic inflammation (lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, cervical cancer and colon cancer).^[9]

IL-32 can be mainly found in cytoplasm of cancer cells. In various cancer tissues, IL32 is highly expressed and presently, the most common isoform of IL-32 found in cancer cells is IL-32β.^[10][11]

Function of IL-32 can be very different, depending on its isoform (different isoforms can interact with each other and influence their activities)^[5] and type of cell, where it is expressed.

IL-32 supports the tumor progression by cytokines expressed after activation of transcription factor NF-κB (nuclear factor-kB) and by metalloproteinase production. In addition, IL-32 stimulates differentiation into immunosuppressive cell types in some cancer types. These effects of IL-32 support tumor growth. On the other hand, in other cancer types it can also induce tumor cell apoptosis and enhance NK a cytotoxic T cell sensitivity which suppress tumor growth.^[10]

References

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.