GNG2

Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

GNG2

Available structures

PDB

Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB

List of PDB id codes
4KFM, 5HE3, 5HE0, 5HE2, 5HE1

Identifiers

Aliases

GNG2, G protein subunit gamma 2

External IDs

OMIM: 606981; MGI: 102705; HomoloGene: 40715; GeneCards: GNG2; OMA:GNG2 - orthologs

Gene location (Human)

Chr.	Chromosome 14 (human)^[1]

Band	14q22.1	Start	51,826,195 bp^[1]
Band	14q22.1	End	51,979,342 bp^[1]

Gene location (Mouse)

Chr.	Chromosome 14 (mouse)^[2]

Band	14 A3\|14 11.17 cM	Start	19,922,627 bp^[2]
Band	14 A3\|14 11.17 cM	End	20,027,695 bp^[2]

RNA expression pattern

Bgee

Human

Mouse (ortholog)

Top expressed in

secondary oocyte

ganglionic eminence

bone marrow cells

Brodmann area 46

middle temporal gyrus

blood

spinal ganglia

monocyte

Brodmann area 23

trigeminal ganglion

Top expressed in

ganglionic eminence

medial ganglionic eminence

dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus

paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus

arcuate nucleus

subiculum

lateral hypothalamus

median eminence

ventromedial nucleus

ventral tegmental area

More reference expression data

BioGPS

n/a

Gene ontology
Molecular function	signal transducer activity G-protein beta-subunit binding protein binding GTPase activity
Cellular component	heterotrimeric G-protein complex plasma membrane extracellular exosome membrane G-protein beta/gamma-subunit complex
Biological process	cellular response to glucagon stimulus cell population proliferation signal transduction cellular response to catecholamine stimulus platelet activation adenylate cyclase-activating dopamine receptor signaling pathway cellular response to prostaglandin E stimulus protein folding Wnt signaling pathway, calcium modulating pathway G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway
Sources:Amigo / QuickGO

Orthologs

Species

Human

Mouse

Entrez


54331


14702

Ensembl


ENSG00000186469


ENSMUSG00000043004

UniProt


P59768


P63213

RefSeq (mRNA)


NM_001243773 NM_001243774 NM_053064

NM_001038637 NM_001285908 NM_001285909 NM_001285910 NM_001285911
NM_010315

RefSeq (protein)


NP_001230702 NP_001230703 NP_444292

NP_001033726 NP_001272837 NP_001272838 NP_001272839 NP_001272840
NP_034445

Location (UCSC)

Chr 14: 51.83 – 51.98 Mb

Chr 14: 19.92 – 20.03 Mb

PubMed search

^[3]

^[4]

Wikidata

View/Edit Human

View/Edit Mouse

Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GNG2 gene.^[5]^[6]

Heterotrimeric G proteins play vital roles in cellular responses to external signals. The specificity of a G protein-receptor interaction is primarily mediated by the gamma subunit.[supplied by OMIM]^[6]

Interactive pathway map

Click on genes, proteins and metabolites below to link to respective articles.^{[§ 1]}

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|alt=Nicotine Activity on Dopaminergic Neurons edit]]

Nicotine Activity on Dopaminergic Neurons edit

^ The interactive pathway map can be edited at WikiPathways: "NicotineDopaminergic_WP1602".

References

^ ^a ^b ^c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000186469 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ ^a ^b ^c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000043004 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ Modarressi MH, Taylor KE, Wolfe J (Jul 2000). "Cloning, characterization, and mapping of the gene encoding the human G protein gamma 2 subunit". Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 272 (2): 610–5. doi:10.1006/bbrc.2000.2832. PMID 10833460.
^ ^a ^b "Entrez Gene: GNG2 guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), gamma 2".

Pumiglia KM, LeVine H, Haske T, Habib T, Jove R, Decker SJ (1995). "A direct interaction between G-protein beta gamma subunits and the Raf-1 protein kinase". J. Biol. Chem. 270 (24): 14251–4. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.24.14251. PMID 7782277.
Tsukada S, Simon MI, Witte ON, Katz A (1994). "Binding of beta gamma subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins to the PH domain of Bruton tyrosine kinase". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91 (23): 11256–60. Bibcode:1994PNAS...9111256T. doi:10.1073/pnas.91.23.11256. PMC 45206. PMID 7972043.
Yan K, Kalyanaraman V, Gautam N (1996). "Differential ability to form the G protein betagamma complex among members of the beta and gamma subunit families". J. Biol. Chem. 271 (12): 7141–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.12.7141. PMID 8636150.
De Waard M, Liu H, Walker D, Scott VE, Gurnett CA, Campbell KP (1997). "Direct binding of G-protein betagamma complex to voltage-dependent calcium channels". Nature. 385 (6615): 446–50. Bibcode:1997Natur.385..446W. doi:10.1038/385446a0. PMID 9009193. S2CID 4287544.
Kostenis E, Conklin BR, Wess J (1997). "Molecular basis of receptor/G protein coupling selectivity studied by coexpression of wild type and mutant m2 muscarinic receptors with mutant G alpha(q) subunits". Biochemistry. 36 (6): 1487–95. doi:10.1021/bi962554d. PMID 9063897.
Qin N, Platano D, Olcese R, Stefani E, Birnbaumer L (1997). "Direct interaction of gbetagamma with a C-terminal gbetagamma-binding domain of the Ca2+ channel alpha1 subunit is responsible for channel inhibition by G protein-coupled receptors". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94 (16): 8866–71. Bibcode:1997PNAS...94.8866Q. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.16.8866. PMC 23172. PMID 9238069.
Ong OC, Hu K, Rong H, Lee RH, Fung BK (1997). "Gene structure and chromosome localization of the G gamma c subunit of human cone G-protein (GNGT2)". Genomics. 44 (1): 101–9. doi:10.1006/geno.1997.4814. PMID 9286705.
Nishida K, Kaziro Y, Satoh T (1999). "Association of the proto-oncogene product dbl with G protein betagamma subunits". FEBS Lett. 459 (2): 186–90. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(99)01244-2. PMID 10518015. S2CID 83524892.
Carman CV, Barak LS, Chen C, Liu-Chen LY, Onorato JJ, Kennedy SP, Caron MG, Benovic JL (2000). "Mutational analysis of Gbetagamma and phospholipid interaction with G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (14): 10443–52. doi:10.1074/jbc.275.14.10443. PMID 10744734.
Evanko DS, Thiyagarajan MM, Siderovski DP, Wedegaertner PB (2001). "Gbeta gamma isoforms selectively rescue plasma membrane localization and palmitoylation of mutant Galphas and Galphaq". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (26): 23945–53. doi:10.1074/jbc.M101154200. PMID 11294873.
Yu Y, Zhang C, Zhou G, Wu S, Qu X, Wei H, Xing G, Dong C, Zhai Y (2001). "Gene expression profiling in human fetal liver and identification of tissue- and developmental-stage-specific genes through compiled expression profiles and efficient cloning of full-length cDNAs". Genome Res. 11 (8): 1392–403. doi:10.1101/gr.175501. PMC 311073. PMID 11483580.
Lowry WE, Huang XY (2002). "G Protein beta gamma subunits act on the catalytic domain to stimulate Bruton's agammaglobulinemia tyrosine kinase". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (2): 1488–92. doi:10.1074/jbc.M110390200. PMID 11698416.
Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, Derge JG, Klausner RD, Collins FS, Wagner L, Shenmen CM, Schuler GD (2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916899M. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932.
Cuello F, Schulze RA, Heemeyer F, Meyer HE, Lutz S, Jakobs KH, Niroomand F, Wieland T (2003). "Activation of heterotrimeric G proteins by a high energy phosphate transfer via nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK) B and Gbeta subunits. Complex formation of NDPK B with Gbeta gamma dimers and phosphorylation of His-266 IN Gbeta". J. Biol. Chem. 278 (9): 7220–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.M210304200. PMID 12486123.
Melliti K, Grabner M, Seabrook GR (2003). "The familial hemiplegic migraine mutation R192Q reduces G-protein-mediated inhibition of P/Q-type (Ca(V)2.1) calcium channels expressed in human embryonic kidney cells". J. Physiol. 546 (Pt 2): 337–47. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2002.026716. PMC 2342512. PMID 12527722.
Wolfe JT, Wang H, Howard J, Garrison JC, Barrett PQ (2003). "T-type calcium channel regulation by specific G-protein betagamma subunits". Nature. 424 (6945): 209–13. Bibcode:2003Natur.424..209W. doi:10.1038/nature01772. PMID 12853961. S2CID 4414712.
Niu J, Profirovic J, Pan H, Vaiskunaite R, Voyno-Yasenetskaya T (2003). "G Protein betagamma subunits stimulate p114RhoGEF, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for RhoA and Rac1: regulation of cell shape and reactive oxygen species production". Circ. Res. 93 (9): 848–56. doi:10.1161/01.RES.0000097607.14733.0C. PMID 14512443. S2CID 85928866.
Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, Otsuki T, Sugiyama T, Irie R, Wakamatsu A, Hayashi K, Sato H (2004). "Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs". Nat. Genet. 36 (1): 40–5. doi:10.1038/ng1285. PMID 14702039.
Doering CJ, Kisilevsky AE, Feng ZP, Arnot MI, Peloquin J, Hamid J, Barr W, Nirdosh A, Simms B (2004). "A single Gbeta subunit locus controls cross-talk between protein kinase C and G protein regulation of N-type calcium channels". J. Biol. Chem. 279 (28): 29709–17. doi:10.1074/jbc.M308693200. PMID 15105422.

PDB gallery

1gg2: G PROTEIN HETEROTRIMER MUTANT GI_ALPHA_1(G203A) BETA_1 GAMMA_2 WITH GDP BOUND
1gp2: G PROTEIN HETEROTRIMER GI_ALPHA_1 BETA_1 GAMMA_2 WITH GDP BOUND
1omw: Crystal Structure of the complex between G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 2 and Heterotrimeric G Protein beta 1 and gamma 2 subunits
1xhm: The Crystal Structure of a Biologically Active Peptide (SIGK) Bound to a G Protein Beta:Gamma Heterodimer
2bcj: Crystal Structure of G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 2 in Complex with Galpha-q and Gbetagamma Subunits

Intracellular signaling peptides and proteins

MAP

see MAP kinase pathway

Calcium

G protein

Heterotrimeric

cAMP:	Heterotrimeric G protein Gs/Gi Adenylate cyclase cAMP 3',5'-cyclic-AMP phosphodiesterase Protein kinase A
cGMP:	Transducin Gustducin Guanylate cyclase cGMP 3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase Protein kinase G
G alpha subunit G_α GNAO1 GNAI1 GNAI2 GNAI3 GNAT1 GNAT2 GNAT3 GNAZ GNAS GNAL GNAQ GNA11 GNA12 GNA13 GNA14 GNA15/GNA16
G beta-gamma complex G_β GNB1 GNB2 GNB3 GNB4 GNB5 G_γ GNGT1 GNGT2 GNG2 GNG3 GNG4 GNG5 GNG7 GNG8 GNG10 GNG11 GNG12 GNG13 BSCL2
G protein-coupled receptor kinase AMP-activated protein kinase

Monomeric

ARFs
Rabs
Ras
- HRAS
- KRAS
- NRAS
Rhos
Arfs
Ran
Rhebs
Raps
RGKs

Cyclin

Lipid

Other protein kinase

Serine/threonine:	Casein kinase 1 2 eIF-2 kinase EIF2AK3 Glycogen synthase kinase GSK1 GSK2 GSK-3 GSK3A GSK3B IκB kinase CHUK IKK2 IKBKG Interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase IRAK1 IRAK2 IRAK3 IRAK4 Lim kinase LIMK1 LIMK2 p21-activated kinases PAK1 PAK2 PAK3 PAK4 Rho-associated protein kinase ROCK1 ROCK2 Ribosomal s6 kinase RPS6KA1
Tyrosine:	ZAP70 Focal adhesion protein-tyrosine kinase PTK2 PTK2B BTK
Serine/threonine/tyrosine	Dual-specificity kinase DYRK1A DYRK1B DYRK2 DYRK3 DYRK4
Arginine	Arginine kinase McsB

Other protein phosphatase

Serine/threonine:	Protein phosphatase 2
Tyrosine:	protein tyrosine phosphatase: Receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatase Sh2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase
both:	Dual-specificity phosphatase