Fujiwara no Hidesato

Samurai of mid-Heian period
Fujiwara no Hidesato depicted in an 1890 print by Yoshitoshi

Fujiwara no Hidesato (藤原 秀郷) was a Japanese aristocrat, courtier, folk hero and samurai lord of the tenth century in the Heian period. He is famous for his military exploits and courage, and is regarded as the common ancestor of numerous clans, including the Ōshū branch of the Fujiwara clan.

Hidesato served under Emperor Suzaku, and fought alongside Taira no Sadamori in 940 in suppressing the revolt of Taira no Masakado.[1] His prayer for victory before this battle is commemorated in the Kachiya Festival. Hidesato was then appointed Chinjufu shōgun (Defender of the North) and Governor of Shimotsuke Province.

According to legend, he slayed a giant centipede in Ōmi Province that plagued the Dragon Palace. He was also nicknamed Tawara Tōda.

Hidesato in legend

Legend monument for his exploit of slaying the giant centipede at Seta no Karahashi [Wikidata]

Hidesato, also known by the moniker Tawara Tōda or Tawara no Tōta,[2] is known in legend for his exploit of slaying the giant centipede (mukade[3]) of Mount Mikami.[2] Hidesato was recruited to this task by a giant dragon-snake which was, in fact, a resident of the Ryūgū-jō (Dragon Palace). Hidesato meets the Dragon King and is showered with rewards, which included an inexhaustible rice-sack (tawara [ja]), from which he allegedly earned his nickname.[4][5] A more rational explanation is that Tawara, also written differently as "田原", represents either a surname or a place name.[6]

This centipede story, The Tale of Tawara Tōda, together with a romanticized account of his Masakado expedition comprise the Tawara Tōda Monogatari. The monogatari texts have been copied and printed profusely in picture scrolls and illustrated books throughout the Edo Period.[5][4]

Legendary arms

The Ise Shrine's Jingū Chōkokan Museum [ja] houses two swords that allegedly once belonged to Hidesato.

One is the Kenukigata tachi (Ise) [ja], a tachi of the kenukigata [ja] or "tweezer" type.[7][a] According to tradition, it was the sword obtained by Hidesato from the Dragon Palace, which later became an heirloom of the Akahori clan [ja]. After changing hands several times, it came into the possession of the shrine in 1793.[9] Although the Hidesato provenance is unverifiable, this sword is dated to be of the correct period.[9] The other alleged Hidesato sword at the museum is called Mukadegiri [ja] "Centipede-cutter".[10] Although its inscriptions claim it to be the work of the swordsmith Shinsoku (神息) from the 8th century, the sword has been dated to the 14th century.[b][10]

There is also another "tweezer" type sword alleged to have belonged to Hidesato held in Chikubu Island, the Kenukigata tachi (Hōgon-ji) [ja].[12][13][14]

Genealogy

  • Father: Fujiwara no Murao (藤原村雄)
  • Mother: daughter of Shimatsuke-no-jō no Kashima (下野掾鹿島女)
    • Wife: daughter of Minamoto no Michi (源通) of the Board of Chamberlains (侍従).
      • Son: Fujiwara no Chitsune (藤原千常)
    • Children by unknown mother:
      • Son: Fujiwara no Chitoki (藤原千時)
      • Son: Fujiwara no Chiharu (藤原千晴)
      • Son: Fujiwara no Chikuni (藤原千国)
      • Son: Fujiwara no Chigusa (藤原千種)
      • Daughter Hintia no Chigusa (藤原千種)

Descendants

Many samurai clans claim descent from Hidesato, including the Northern Fujiwara (Ōshū branch of the Fujiwara clan). Some of the others are the Satō [ja], Ōtomo, Mutō [ja], Satō [ja], Iga, Hatano [ja; fr], Oyama [ja; de], Yūki and Shimokōbe clans.[15][16]

See also

Explanatory notes

  1. ^ Called "tweezer" type because there is openwork on the hilt which makes the hilt resemble a pair of tweezers.[8]
  2. ^ The name is Mukadegiri (蚣切) (two characters) on the carved hilt-inscription according to Shūko jusshu [ja] (1899).[11]

References

Media related to Fujiwara no Hidesato at Wikimedia Commons

  1. ^ Turnbull, Stephen (1998). The Samurai Sourcebook. Cassell & Co. p. 199. ISBN 1854095234.
  2. ^ a b Sato, Hiroaki (1983). Legends of the Samurai. Kodansha International. p. 38. ISBN 9781590207307.
  3. ^ Foster, Michael Dylan (2009). Pandemonium and Parade: Japanese Monsters and the Culture of Yōkai. University of California Press. p. 139. ISBN 978-0-520-25361-2.
  4. ^ a b Araki, James T. (1981). "Otogi-zōshi and Nara ehon: A Field of Study in Flux". Monumenta Nipponica. 36: 1–5. doi:10.2307/2384084. JSTOR 2384084.
  5. ^ a b Kimbrough, R. Keller (2018). "The Tale of Tawara Tōda". Monsters, Animals, and Other Worlds: A Collection of Short Medieval Japanese Tales. Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231545501.
  6. ^ Visser, Marinus Willem de (1913), The dragon in China and Japan, Amsterdam: J. Müller, pp. 191–193
  7. ^ Satō, Kanzan (1995). The Japanese Sword: a comprehensive guide. Translated by Joe Earle. The Overlook Press. p. 132. ISBN 9780870115622.
  8. ^ Harada, Kazutoshi (2009). Art of the Samurai: Japanese Arms and Armor, 1156-1868. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 197. ISBN 9781588393456.
  9. ^ a b Jungu Chōko Museum Agriculture Pavillion (1941). Jingū Chōkokan chinretsuhin zuroku 神宮徴古館陳列品図録 (in Japanese). pp. 23–24.
  10. ^ a b "Hidesato ni shōten, bushi no rūtsu shitte Tochigi-ken hakubutsukan de kikakuten dentō no hōtō Mukadegiri mo" 秀郷に焦点、武士のルーツ知って 栃木県立博物館で企画展 伝説の宝刀「蜈蚣切」も. Sankei Shinbun (in Japanese). 2018-11-19.
  11. ^ Matsudaira, Sadanobu, ed. (1905), "Ise no kuni dai jingū zō Tawara Todō Hidesato Mukadekiri tachi (no) zu" 伊勢国大神宮蔵俵藤太秀郷蜈蚣切太刀図, Shūko jusshu tōken no bu 集古十種 刀剣之部 (in Japanese), Ikubunsha, p. (1)4
  12. ^ Bureau of Religions, Ministry of Education (1920). Handbook of the Old Shrines and Temples and Their Treasures in Japan. Sanshusha. p. 13.
  13. ^ Matsudaira, Sadanobu, ed. (1905), "Ōmi no kuni Chikubushima zō Tawara Todō Hidesato shonō tachi (no) zu" 近江国竹生島社蔵俵藤太秀郷所納太刀図, Shūko jusshu tōken no bu 集古十種 刀剣之部 (in Japanese), Ikubunsha, p. (2)18
  14. ^ Honma, Junji; Satō, Kan'ichi (1966), Nihontō zenshū dai-6 kan (Nihontō no fūzoku) 日本刀全集 第6巻 (日本刀の風俗) (in Japanese), Tokuma Shoten, p. 53
  15. ^ Frédéric, Louis (2002). "Otogi-zōshi and Nara ehon: A Field of Study in Flux". Japan Encyclopedia. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University. p. 220. ISBN 9780674017535.
  16. ^ Friday (2008), p. 150.
Bibliography
  • Friday, Karl (2008). "The Tale of Tawara Toda". The First Samurai: The Life and Legend of the Warrior Rebel, Taira Masakado. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 150–158. ISBN 9780471760825.
  • v
  • t
  • e
Fujiwara family tree
Kamatari[1]
614–669
Fuhito[2]
659–720
NANKE branchHOKKE branchSHIKIKE branchKYŌKE branch
Muchimaro[2]
680–737		Fusasaki[2]
681–737		Umakai[2]
694–737		Maro[2]
695–737
Toyonari[3]
704–766		Nakamaro[3]
706–764		Otomaro[4]Nagate[5]
714–771		Matate[4]
715–766		Uona[6]
721–783		Kaedemaro[7]
723–776		Yoshitsugu[8]
716–777		Tamaro[9]
722–783		Momokawa[10]
732–779		Hamanari[11]
724–790
Tsuginawa[12]
727–796		Korekimi[13]
727–789		Uchimaro[14]
756–812		Sonohito[12]
756–819		Otsugu[12]
774–843
Fuyutsugu[15]
775–826
Nagara[1]
802–826		Yoshifusa[1]
804–872		Yoshiyo[16]
823–900
Mototsune[17]
836–891
Tokihira[18][12]
871–909		Tadahira[12]
880–949
Saneyori[12]
900–970		Morosuke[12]
909–960
Yoritada[19]
924–989		Koretada[12]
924–972		Yoritada[12][20]
925–977		Kaneie[12][19]
929–990
Michitaka[21][22]
953–995		Michikane[22]
961–995		Michinaga[23]
966–1028
Yorimichi[24][25]
992–1074		Norimichi[26]
996–1075
Morozane[27]
1042–1101
Moromichi[28]
1062–1099
Tadazane[29]
1075–1162
Tadamichi[30]
1097–1164		Yorinaga[31]
1120–1156
Konoe
Family		Matsudono
Family		Kujō
Family
Konoe Motozane[32]
1143–1166		Matsudono Motofusa[33]
1144?–1231		Kujō Kanezane[30]
1149–1207
Konoe Motomichi[16][34]
1160–1233		Matsudono Moroie[33]
1172–1238		Kujō Yoshitsune[35]
1169–1206
Konoe Iezane[34]
1179–1242		Kujō Michiie[35]
1193–1252
Takatsukasa
Family		Nijō
Family		Ichijō
Family
Konoe Kanetsune[36]
1210–1259		Takatsukasa Kanehira[37]
1228–1294		Kujō Norizane[38]
1211–1235		Nijō Yoshizane[39]
1216–1271		Ichijō Sanetsune[40]
1223–1284
Notes
  1. ^ a b c Brinkley, Frank and Dairoku Kikuchi. (1915). A History of the Japanese People from the Earliest Times to the End of the Meiji Era. New York: Encyclopædia Britannica. OCLC 413099
  2. ^ a b c d e Kanai, Madoka; Nitta, Hideharu; Yamagiwa, Joseph Koshimi (1966). A topical history of Japan. Sub-Committee on Far Eastern Language Instruction of the Committee on Institutional Cooperation. p. 6.
  3. ^ a b Brown, Delmer M. (1988). The Cambridge History of Japan: Volume 1. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521223522.
  4. ^ a b 平城宮兵部省跡. 奈良文化財研究所. 2005. p. 168.
  5. ^ Yoshikawa, Toshiko (2006). 仲麻呂政権と藤原永手・八束（真楯）・千尋（御楯）. Hanawa Shobō (塙書房). ISBN 978-4-8273-1201-0.
  6. ^ Tyler, Royall (1993). The Book of the Great Practice: The Life of the Mt. Fuji Ascetic Kakugyō Tōbutsu Kū (PDF). Asian Folklore Studies. p. 324.
  7. ^ Yoneda, Yūsuke (2002). 藤原摂関家の誕生. 吉川弘文館. p. 139.
  8. ^ Nakagawa, Osamu (1991). "藤原良継の変" [The Rise of Fujiwara no Yoshitsugu]. 奈良朝政治史の研究 [Political History of the Nara Period] (in Japanese). Takashina Shoten (高科書店).
  9. ^ Kimoto, Yoshinobu (1998). 藤原式家官人の考察. 高科書店. p. 47. ISBN 978-4-87294-923-0.
  10. ^ Takemitsu, Makoto (2013). 日本史の影の主役藤原氏の正体: 鎌足から続く1400年の歴史. PHP研究所. p. 103. ISBN 978-4569761046.
  11. ^ http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~sg2h-ymst/hamanari.html
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). In Japan Encyclopedia at Google Books; Brinkley, Frank et al. (1915).
  13. ^ Kimoto, Yoshinobu (2004). "『牛屋大臣』藤原是公について" [On "Ushiya-Daijin" Fujiwara no Korekimi]. 奈良時代の藤原氏と諸氏族 [The Fujiwara Clan and Other Clans of the Nara Period] (in Japanese). Ohfu.
  14. ^ Kurihara, Hiromu. 藤原内麿家族について [The Family of Fujiwara no Uchimaro]. Japanese History (日本歴史) (in Japanese) (511).
  15. ^ Kurihara, Hiromu (2008). "藤原冬嗣家族について" [Fujiwara no Fuyutsugu's Family]. 平安前期の家族と親族 [Family and Relatives During the Early Heian Period] (in Japanese). Azekura Shobo (校倉書房). ISBN 978-4-7517-3940-2.
  16. ^ a b 公卿補任 [Kugyō Bunin] (in Japanese). Yoshikawa Kōbunkan (吉川弘文館). 1982.
  17. ^ Kitayama, Shigeo (1973). 日本の歴史4 平安京 [History of Japan IV: Heian-kyō] (in Japanese). Chūkō Bunko (中公文庫). p. 242.
  18. ^ 日本古代氏族人名辞典（普及版） [Dictionary of Names from Ancient Japanese Clans (Trade Version)] (in Japanese). Yoshikawa Kōbunkan (吉川弘文館). 2010. ISBN 978-4-642-01458-8.
  19. ^ a b Nobuyoshi, Yamamoto (2003). 摂関政治史論考 (in Japanese). Yoshikawa Kōbunkan (吉川弘文館). ISBN 978-4-642-02394-8.
  20. ^ Haruo, Sasayama (2003). "藤原兼通の政権獲得過程". 日本律令制の展開 (in Japanese). Yoshikawa Kōbunkan (吉川弘文館). ISBN 978-4-642-02393-1.
  21. ^ Frederic, Louis (2002). "Japan Encyclopedia." Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
  22. ^ a b Papinot, Edmond (1910). Historical and geographical dictionary of Japan. Tokyo: Librarie Sansaisha.
  23. ^ Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida, eds. (1979). Gukanshō: The Future and the Past. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-03460-0; OCLC 251325323
  24. ^ Varley, Paul (2000). Japanese Culture. Fourth Edition. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawai'i Press.
  25. ^ Uejima, Susumu (2010). "日本中世社会の形成と王権". 中世庄園制の形成過程―〈立庄〉再考 (in Japanese). The University of Nagoya Press. ISBN 978-4-8158-0635-4.
  26. ^ Owada, Tetsuo (2003). 日本史諸家系図人名辞典 (in Japanese). Kodansha. ISBN 978-4062115780.
  27. ^ "卷之一百四十二 列傳第六十九". 大日本史 (in Japanese). 1715.
  28. ^ Kimoto, Yoshinobu (2000). "後二条師通記と藤原師通". 平安朝官人と記録の研究―日記逸文にあらわれたる平安公卿の世界 (in Japanese). ISBN 978-4273031565.
  29. ^ Araki, Hiroshi (2009). "中世の皇統迭立と文学形成 1院政期から中世への視界 坂上の宝剣と壺切―談話録に見る皇統・儀礼の古代と中世―". 皇統迭立と文学形成 (in Japanese). ISBN 978-4-7576-0513-8.
  30. ^ a b Sansom, George (1958). A history of Japan to 1334. Stanford University Press. ISBN 0804705232.
  31. ^ "The World Turned Upside Down" translated by Kathe Roth, p. 27
  32. ^ Yamada, Akiko (2010). 中世前期女性院宮の研究 (in Japanese). ISBN 978-4784214969.
  33. ^ a b Natanabe, Naohiko (1994). 古代史論叢 (in Japanese). ISBN 978-4797106558.
  34. ^ a b "藤原北家．近衛". 尊卑分脈 (in Japanese). Yoshikawa Kōbunkan (吉川弘文館). 1904. p. 57.
  35. ^ a b "藤原北家．九条". 尊卑分脈 (in Japanese). Yoshikawa Kōbunkan (吉川弘文館). 1904. p. 77.
  36. ^ "藤原北家．近衛". 尊卑分脈 (in Japanese). Yoshikawa Kōbunkan (吉川弘文館). 1904. p. 65.
  37. ^ Jinson [in Japanese]. 大乗院日記目録.
  38. ^ "藤原北家．九条". 尊卑分脈 (in Japanese). Yoshikawa Kōbunkan (吉川弘文館). 1904. p. 80.
  39. ^ ネケト. 二条家（摂家） (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 2004-08-15. Retrieved 2007-09-09.
  40. ^ ネケト. 一条家（摂家） (in Japanese). Retrieved 2007-08-18.
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