Factor VII

F7
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes 4YT7, 1BF9, 1CVW, 1DAN, 1DVA, 1F7E, 1F7M, 1FAK, 1FF7, 1FFM, 1J9C, 1JBU, 1KLI, 1KLJ, 1O5D, 1QFK, 1W0Y, 1W2K, 1W7X, 1W8B, 1WQV, 1WSS, 1WTG, 1WUN, 1WV7, 1YGC, 1Z6J, 2A2Q, 2AEI, 2AER, 2B7D, 2B8O, 2BZ6, 2C4F, 2EC9, 2F9B, 2FIR, 2FLB, 2FLR, 2PUQ, 2ZP0, 2ZWL, 2ZZU, 3ELA, 3TH2, 3TH3, 3TH4, 4IBL, 4ISH, 4ISI, 4JYU, 4JYV, 4JZD, 4JZE, 4JZF, 4NA9, 4NG9, 4NGA, 4X8S, 4X8T, 4X8U, 4X8V, 4YT6, 4ZXX, 4ZXY, 4Z6A, 4ZMA, 4YLQ, 5I46
Identifiers
Aliases	F7, SPCA, coagulation factor VII
External IDs	OMIM: 613878 MGI: 109325 HomoloGene: 7710 GeneCards: F7
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 13 (human)[1] Band 13q34 Start 113,105,788 bp[1] End 113,120,685 bp[1]
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 8 (mouse)[2] Band 8 A1.1|8 5.73 cM Start 13,076,034 bp[2] End 13,085,809 bp[2]
RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in right lobe of liver ventral tegmental area secondary oocyte visceral pleura pancreatic ductal cell deltoid muscle jejunum retinal pigment epithelium occipital lobe superior frontal gyrus Top expressed in left lobe of liver right lung lobe yolk sac entorhinal cortex carotid body left lung sexually immature organism thoracic diaphragm dentate gyrus primary motor cortex More reference expression data BioGPS More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function calcium ion binding endopeptidase activity peptidase activity protein binding serine-type peptidase activity hydrolase activity serine-type endopeptidase activity signaling receptor binding Cellular component vesicle endoplasmic reticulum lumen plasma membrane extracellular region Golgi lumen extracellular space serine-type peptidase complex collagen-containing extracellular matrix Biological process hemostasis positive regulation of protein kinase B signaling response to organic cyclic compound positive regulation of cell migration positive regulation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor signaling pathway proteolysis response to estrogen positive regulation of leukocyte chemotaxis endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi vesicle-mediated transport response to vitamin K positive regulation of blood coagulation response to nutrient levels animal organ regeneration response to growth hormone response to hormone blood coagulation, extrinsic pathway positive regulation of positive chemotaxis response to thyroid hormone protein processing blood coagulation response to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxine response to estradiol response to carbon dioxide response to genistein response to cholesterol circadian rhythm response to thyroxine response to Thyroid stimulating hormone response to hypoxia response to anticoagulant response to astaxanthin response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 2155 14068 Ensembl ENSG00000057593 ENSMUSG00000031443 UniProt P08709 P70375 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_000131 NM_001267554 NM_019616 NM_010172 RefSeq (protein) NP_000122 NP_001254483 NP_062562 NP_034302 Location (UCSC) Chr 13: 113.11 – 113.12 Mb Chr 8: 13.08 – 13.09 Mb PubMed search [3] [4]
Wikidata
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Coagulation factor VII (EC 3.4.21.21, formerly known as proconvertin) is a protein involved in coagulation and, in humans, is encoded by gene F7. It is an enzyme of the serine protease class. Once bound to tissue factor released from damaged tissues, it is converted to factor VIIa (or blood-coagulation factor VIIa, activated blood coagulation factor VII), which in turn activates factor IX and factor X.

Using genetic recombination a recombinant factor VIIa (eptacog alfa) (trade names include NovoSeven) has been approved by the FDA for the control of bleeding in hemophilia.^[5] It is sometimes used unlicensed in severe uncontrollable bleeding, although there have been safety concerns. A biosimilar form of recombinant activated factor VII (AryoSeven) is also available, but does not play any considerable role in the market.

In April 2020, the US FDA approved a new rFVIIa product, eptacog beta (SEVENFACT), the first bypassing agent (BPA) approved in more than 2 decades. As an rFVIIa product, eptacog beta works in a complex with tissue factor to activate factor X to Xa, thereby bypassing FVIII and FIX. The activation of Factor X to Xa initiates the coagulation cascade’s common pathway, leading to clot formation at the site of hemorrhage. Activated FVII binds to endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR), which enhances hemostasis.14 One study showed that eptacog beta binds to EPCR with 25% to 30% more affinity than eptacog alfa, displacing protein C from EPCR binding sites and downregulating activated protein C generation, contributing to its hemostatic effect.

Physiology

The main role of factor VII (FVII) is to initiate the process of coagulation in conjunction with tissue factor (TF/factor III). Tissue factor is found on the outside of blood vessels - normally not exposed to the bloodstream. Upon vessel injury, tissue factor is exposed to the blood and circulating factor VII. Once bound to TF, FVII is activated to FVIIa by different proteases, among which are thrombin (factor IIa), factor Xa, IXa, XIIa, and the FVIIa-TF complex itself. The complex of factor VIIa with TF catalyzes the conversion of factor IX and factor X into the active proteases, factor IXa and factor Xa, respectively.^[6]

The action of the factor is impeded by tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI), which is released almost immediately after initiation of coagulation. Factor VII, which was discovered around 1950, is vitamin K-dependent and produced in the liver. Use of warfarin or similar anticoagulants decreases hepatic synthesis of FVII.^{[citation needed]}

A coagulation enzyme cascade may begin with a few molecules of factor XII and culminate in the activation of millions of times more fibrin molecules.^[7]

Structure

Factor VII shares a common domain architecture with factors IX and X.

Genetics

The gene for factor VII is located on chromosome 13 (13q34).

Role in disease

Factor VII deficiency (congenital proconvertin deficiency) is rare and inherited recessively. It presents as a hemophilia-like bleeding disorder. It is treated with recombinant factor VIIa (NovoSeven or AryoSeven). Gene therapy approaches for treating FVII deficiency are very promising (^[8])

Medical uses

Recombinant factor VIIa, marketed under the trade names AryoSeven and NovoSeven, is used for people with hemophilia (with Factor VIII or IX deficiency) who have developed antibodies against replacement coagulation factor.

It has also been used in the setting of uncontrollable hemorrhage,^[9][10] but its role in this setting is controversial with insufficient evidence to support its use outside of clinical trials.^[11] The first report of its use in hemorrhage was in an Israeli soldier with uncontrollable bleeding in 1999.^[12] Risks of its use include an increase in arterial thrombosis.^[11] However, animal studies have not shown complications as seen in humans, in fact same of the studies show a better prognosis. In the military settings it is used as an off label intervention in complications related to disseminated intravascular coagulation related haemorrhage caused by penetrating trauma.^[13]

Recombinant human factor VII while initially looking promising in intracerebral hemorrhage failed to show benefit following further study and this is no longer recommended.^[14][15]

Interactions

Factor VII has been shown to interact with tissue factor and endothelial protein C receptor.^[16][17]

References

Further reading

External links

• Official website
• The MEROPS online database for peptidases and their inhibitors: S01.215 Archived 2020-05-29 at the Wayback Machine
• CHES - Comprehensive Health Education Services LLC - Factor VII treatment and awareness [1]