1991 Chicago mayoral election

1991 Chicago mayoral election
← 1989 (special) April 3, 1991 1995 →
Turnout45%[1] Decrease 23.3 pp
 
Candidate Richard M. Daley R. Eugene Pincham
Party Democratic Harold Washington
Popular vote 450,581 160,302
Percentage 70.64% 25.13%
Results by ward
Mayor before election

Richard M. Daley
Democratic

Elected Mayor

Richard M. Daley
Democratic

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The Chicago mayoral election of 1991 resulted in the re-election of incumbent Democrat Richard M. Daley to his first full-term. Daley had previously been elected to serve the remainder of Harold Washington's unexpired term in a special election held following Washington's death in office.

Daley won by a landslide 44 point margin. His most significant opponent in general election was Harold Washington Party nominee R. Eugene Pincham. Other candidates were Republican candidate George Gottlieb and Socialist Workers Party nominee James Warren, both of whom performed poorly in the vote count.[2][3]

The Democratic Party, Republican Party, and the Harold Washington Party all held primary elections for their nominations. Daley easily won the Democratic primary, receiving more than 63.01% of the vote and placing more than thirty-points ahead of the runner-up, then-Cook County commissioner Danny K. Davis. Former mayor Jane Byrne made a distant third-place finish in the Democratic primary, receiving less than 5.90% of the vote. In the Republican primary, which saw participation by a dismal 10,204 voters, George S. Gotlieb, a police sargeant, defeated candidate Alfred Walter Balciunas and radio executive Pervis Spann by a large double-digit margin. James R. Hutchison won the Harold Washington Party primary as a write-in candidate as a formality to secure the party ballot status in the general election. Afterwards, he stepped aside to allow the party's vice chairman, Illinois Appellate Court Judge Pincham, to become the party's nominee

Nominations

Democratic primary

Daley handily won the Democratic nomination, fending off challenges from then-Cook County Commissioner Danny K. Davis and former mayor Jane M. Byrne.

Daley announced on December 10, 1990 that he would seek reelection.[4] The following day Daley held a fundraiser at the Hyatt Regency Chicago which raised more than a million dollars for his campaign. This, when added to his existing campaign funds, meant that by the third day of his candidacy he already had 2 million dollars in funding.[4] Neither of his competitors could come anywhere remotely near him in fundraising.[4]

Daley, who won a special election in 1989, was the strong frontrunner for the Democratic nomination. A poll conducted by the Chicago Sun-Times in November 1990 showed that 58% of Chicagoan's had positive views of his performance as mayor.[4] A Southtown Economist poll conducted after his campaign announcement showed him with a 61% approval rating, and also showed him to be polling at a 2 to 1 margin over his closest challenger, Danny Davis.[4]

Daley benefited from a variety of factors, including solid voting blocs supporting his candidacy, his strong managerial style as mayor, and lack of public interest in local politics amid the Gulf War, which assisted Daley's hopes to have a low-profile campaign.[4][5]

Davis and Byrne hoped they would be able to debate Daley. Daley, however, declined to attend any debates.[4]

Davis had been selected as the "consensus" black candidate at a closed-door meeting held November 19, 1990 at the Hyde Park Hilton between 126 of Chicago's African-American leaders. They voted 66-60 to support Davis over Eugene Sawyer.[4]

While Davis had planned to campaign in all areas of the city, his funds were too limited to support a citywide campaign.[4]

Late in the primary, Tyrone Crider, the national executive director of Operation PUSH, characterized the Davis campaign as a "slow movement" because it had "failed to take the time necessary to meet and consult with the [black] religious and business community."[4] Both Crider and PUSH founder Jesse Jackson were upset with Davis having called a number of black ministers that had supported Daley, "Uncle Toms".[4]

Byrne's campaign was hampered by her inability to raise funds. Her campaign was considered to be rather weak, and received no support from any significant community or business leaders.[4] Byrne declared that Chicago's, "deserved better leadership in City Hall". She attempted to provoke Daley into combatting with her, but he did not take her bait.[4]

In 1991, Byrne was regarded to be most comfortable when campaigning in the African-American community.[4]

Chicago Sun-Times writer Steve Neal referred to her as the Norma Desmond of Chicago politics, meaning that she was delusional in her belief that she could stage a comeback.[4]

Candidate Sheila A. Jones had also run in the previous two elections' Democratic primaries. She was a supporter of the LaRouche movement.[6]

Black turnout was lower than it had been in the 1989 primary.[4] Daley's share among black voters was higher than analysts had anticipated, with double-digit support.[7]

Due to the contest being overshadowed by the Gulf War, and due to voter apathy towards the election as a result of Daley's overwhelming lead in the polls, turnout was considered low, at under 48%.[7][5] This was believed to have been among the lowest turnouts in fifty years for a mayoral primary in Chicago.[7]

Daley set a new record for the largest margin of victory in a Democratic primary, surpassing the previous record (set by his father in 1975).[5]

Daley's performance in the primary was perceived as placing him an unbeatable position to win the general election, with Chicago being an overwhelmingly Democratic city, and the Democratic nomination being widely considered as tantamount to election.[7] Even though he was likely to face a third-party African-American opponent, this was not seen as enough to prevent his victory[7] (especially considering that, as a candidate, Davis had not been able to pose much of a challenge to Daley in the primary).

Results

Results map of the Democratic primary by ward
Democratic primary results[8]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Richard M. Daley (incumbent) 408,418 63.01
Democratic Danny K. Davis 199,408 30.76
Democratic Jane M. Byrne 38,216 5.90
Democratic Sheila A. Jones 2,146 0.33
Total votes 648,188

Daley won a majority of the vote in 31 wards and Davis won a majority of the vote in the remaining 19 wards.[8][4]

Results by ward[8]
Ward Richard M. Daley Danny K. Davis Jane M. Byrne Sheila A. Jones Total
Votes % Votes % Votes % Votes % Votes
01 7,912 65.2% 3,366 27.8% 794 6.5% 55 0.5% 12,127
02 1,471 15.9% 6,950 75.3% 737 8.0% 74 0.8% 9,232
03 982 13.8% 5,484 77.0% 605 8.5% 49 0.7% 7,120
04 2,438 24.0% 7,126 70.0% 554 5.4% 58 0.6% 10,176
05 3,059 25.6% 8,319 69.7% 511 4.3% 50 0.4% 11,939
06 2,052 12.2% 13,917 82.5% 845 5.0% 58 0.3% 16,872
07 2,331 26.3% 5,922 66.9% 560 6.3% 36 0.4% 8,849
08 1,872 12.4% 12,465 82.6% 666 4.4% 87 0.6% 15,090
09 1,384 13.4% 8,269 80.3% 580 5.6% 59 0.6% 10,292
10 9,548 60.3% 4,043 25.5% 2,179 13.8% 56 0.4% 15,826
11 15,914 92.6% 875 5.1% 391 2.3% 10 0.1% 17,190
12 12,477 90.0% 729 5.3% 636 4.6% 25 0.2% 13,867
13 26,094 94.9% 226 0.8% 1,142 4.2% 20 0.1% 27,482
14 11,017 87.8% 973 7.8% 537 4.3% 25 0.2% 12,552
15 3,159 32.1% 6,031 61.3% 600 6.1% 49 0.5% 9,839
16 1,216 13.1% 7,233 77.8% 758 8.2% 91 1.0% 9,298
17 1,104 10.6% 8,599 82.6% 644 6.2% 58 0.6% 10,405
18 12,519 62.4% 6,455 32.2% 1,028 5.1% 49 0.2% 20,051
19 19,947 84.3% 2,492 10.5% 1,179 5.0% 32 0.1% 23,650
20 1,108 12.7% 6,980 79.7% 583 6.7% 85 1.0% 8,756
21 1,580 10.5% 12,638 84.1% 748 5.0% 64 0.4% 15,030
22 3,862 76.8% 685 13.6% 451 9.0% 29 0.6% 5,027
23 22,539 94.5% 170 0.7% 1,117 4.7% 25 0.1% 23,851
24 951 9.9% 7,948 83.2% 591 6.2% 68 0.7% 9,558
25 5,065 78.0% 901 13.9% 499 7.7% 25 0.4% 6,490
26 5,506 73.4% 1,306 17.4% 661 8.8% 33 0.4% 7,506
27 1,920 26.3% 4,782 65.4% 550 7.5% 59 0.8% 7,311
28 761 9.6% 6,716 84.5% 426 5.4% 45 0.6% 7,948
29 1,445 14.5% 7,858 78.8% 580 5.8% 85 0.9% 9,968
30 10,826 82.0% 1,592 12.1% 765 5.8% 24 0.2% 13,207
31 5,120 65.3% 1,865 23.8% 823 10.5% 30 0.4% 7,838
32 8,934 83.9% 994 9.3% 689 6.5% 28 0.3% 10,645
33 10,865 86.6% 789 6.3% 852 6.8% 39 0.3% 12,545
34 1,703 13.3% 10,339 80.9% 674 5.3% 64 0.5% 12,780
35 11,660 90.1% 437 3.4% 825 6.4% 23 0.2% 12,945
36 17,827 90.6% 676 3.4% 1,133 5.8% 35 0.2% 19,671
37 1,040 11.8% 7,214 82.0% 500 5.7% 42 0.5% 8,796
38 18,535 93.3% 226 1.1% 1,094 5.5% 18 0.1% 19,873
39 12,826 91.2% 427 3.0% 785 5.6% 28 0.2% 14,066
40 9,562 88.2% 653 6.0% 605 5.6% 24 0.2% 10,844
41 19,634 90.2% 323 1.5% 1,793 8.2% 23 0.1% 21,773
42 8,563 74.9% 2,026 17.7% 804 7.0% 36 0.3% 11,429
43 12,556 86.4% 1,316 9.1% 632 4.3% 33 0.2% 14,537
44 10,376 82.7% 1,539 12.3% 614 4.9% 21 0.2% 12,550
45 18,464 92.7% 302 1.5% 1,122 5.6% 26 0.1% 19,914
46 9,009 71.4% 2,699 21.4% 857 6.8% 52 0.4% 12,617
47 11,423 87.7% 915 7.0% 672 5.2% 20 0.2% 13,030
48 7,491 73.1% 2,111 20.6% 617 6.0% 33 0.3% 10,252
49 6,912 68.8% 2,509 25.0% 573 5.7% 55 0.5% 10,049
50 13,859 89.3% 998 6.4% 635 4.1% 33 0.2% 15,525
Totals 408,418 63.0% 199,408 30.8% 38,216 5.9% 2,146 0.3% 648,188

Republican primary

George S. Gotlieb defeated Alfred Walter Balciunas and WVON executive Pervis Spann. Gotlieb, a police sergeant,[9] was not well-known.[4]

Brette X. New had also been running initially,[10] but withdrew.

Results

Republican primary results[11]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican George S. Gottlieb 4,942 48.4
Republican Alfred Walter Balciunas 2,961 29.0
Republican Pervis Spann 2,301 22.5
Total votes 10,204
Results by ward[11]
Ward George S. Gottlieb Alfred Walter Balciunas Pervis Spann Total
Votes % Votes % Votes % Votes
1 136 49.6% 76 27.7% 62 22.6% 274
2 20 9.7% 23 11.2% 163 79.1% 206
3 15 16.0% 15 16.0% 64 68.1% 94
4 28 27.5% 14 13.7% 60 58.8% 102
5 38 32.8% 24 20.7% 54 46.6% 116
6 25 17.7% 15 10.6% 101 71.6% 141
7 14 21.2% 15 22.7% 37 56.1% 66
8 14 12.0% 12 10.3% 91 77.8% 117
9 19 21.8% 13 14.9% 55 63.2% 87
10 216 46.7% 189 40.8% 58 12.5% 463
11 66 40.5% 69 42.3% 28 17.2% 163
12 74 38.3% 100 51.8% 19 9.8% 193
13 95 36.5% 147 56.5% 18 6.9% 260
14 44 26.0% 101 59.8% 24 14.2% 169
15 13 15.7% 31 37.3% 39 47.0% 83
16 5 6.7% 13 17.3% 57 76.0% 75
17 19 17.8% 13 12.1% 75 70.1% 107
18 60 31.9% 70 37.2% 58 30.9% 188
19 198 62.1% 88 27.6% 33 10.3% 319
20 17 15.3% 21 18.9% 73 65.8% 111
21 18 15.1% 9 7.6% 92 77.3% 119
22 39 47.0% 33 39.8% 11 13.3% 83
23 109 40.8% 131 49.1% 27 10.1% 267
24 24 26.1% 15 16.3% 53 57.6% 92
25 33 40.2% 35 42.7% 14 17.1% 82
26 50 44.6% 35 31.2% 27 24.1% 112
27 38 39.6% 22 22.9% 36 37.5% 96
28 17 23.6% 16 22.2% 39 54.2% 72
29 22 28.9% 17 22.4% 37 48.7% 76
30 126 58.6% 67 31.2% 22 10.2% 215
31 54 37.5% 58 40.3% 32 22.2% 144
32 77 48.4% 59 37.1% 23 14.5% 159
33 76 46.1% 62 37.6% 27 16.4% 165
34 10 9.7% 16 15.5% 77 74.8% 103
35 209 68.1% 65 21.2% 33 10.7% 307
36 194 62.2% 92 29.5% 26 8.3% 312
37 27 33.8% 13 16.2% 40 50.0% 80
38 241 64.8% 105 28.2% 26 7.0% 372
39 150 59.3% 75 29.6% 28 11.1% 253
40 141 57.6% 80 32.7% 24 9.8% 245
41 372 67.8% 122 22.2% 55 10.0% 549
42 237 56.4% 115 27.4% 68 16.2% 420
43 253 63.9% 90 22.7% 53 13.4% 396
44 206 62.6% 80 24.3% 43 13.1% 329
45 284 73.0% 74 19.0% 31 8.0% 389
46 184 55.8% 106 32.1% 40 12.1% 330
47 143 60.1% 68 28.6% 27 11.3% 238
48 214 55.4% 117 30.3% 55 14.2% 386
49 121 53.1% 71 31.1% 36 15.8% 228
50 157 62.5% 64 25.5% 30 12.0% 251
Totals 4,942 48.4% 2,961 29.0% 2,301 22.5% 10,204

Harold Washington Party primary

James R. Hutchinson, who won the party primary, withdrew after winning, stepping aside for R. Eugene Pincham to assume the nomination. Hutchison was the vice-chairman of the Harold Washington Party.

To initially win the nomination, Hutchinson ran for mayor on the Harold Washington Party ticket as a write-in candidate to ensure the Harold Washington Party's place on the ballot in the general election. His strategy was to win enough write-in votes to secure the party nomination, but not enough votes to hurt Davis` chances against Daley.

Danny K. Davis had been in November 1991 by black leaders as a consensus African-American candidate to challenge Daley for mayor in the Democratic primary, and was backed by the Harold Washington Party during his Democratic primary campaign.

Hutchinson stated before the Democratic primary that if Davis did not beat Daley, Hutchison would immediately withdraw from the Washington Party ticket to allow a stronger candidate to run in the general election with assurances from Davis that he would support such a candidate. After Davis lost to Daley, Hutchison kept his promise, stepped aside, and allowed Pincham to be the Harold Washington Party candidate for mayor.[12] [4]

Pincham was a former appellate judge who had left the Democratic Party after losing its 1990 nomination for Cook County Board President to Richard Phelan.[4]

Socialist Workers nomination

The Socialist Workers Party nominated 1988 presidential candidate James Warren.

General election

Having no significant general election opponents, Daley's campaign activity was relatively minimal.[4] He utilized strong field operations in the city's wards and distributed issue briefing papers.[4]

Daley declined to participate in any debates.[4]

Results

Daley won by a large margin.

Daley received roughly 25% of the African-American vote.[4]

Mayor of Chicago 1991[4][13][14] (general election)
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Richard M. Daley 450,581 70.64
Harold Washington R. Eugene Pincham 160,302 25.13
Republican George S. Gottlieb 23,421 3.67
Socialist Workers James Warren 3,581 0.56
Turnout 637,885

Daley won a majority in 31 of the city's wards, with Pincham winning a majority in the remaining 19 wards.[4][13]

Results by ward[13]
Ward Richard M. Daley
(Democratic Party)		 R. Eugene Pincham
(Harold Washington Party)		 George S. Gottlieb
(Republican Party)		 James Warren
(Socialist Workers Party) 		Under votes Over votes Total
Votes % Votes % Votes % Votes % Votes % Votes % Votes
1 8,424 70.6% 2,604 21.8% 387 3.2% 73 0.6% 263 2.2% 177 1.5% 11,928
2 2,321 29.0% 5,044 63.1% 148 1.9% 47 0.6% 240 3.0% 193 2.4% 7,993
3 1,544 24.3% 4,257 67.1% 83 1.3% 43 0.7% 191 3.0% 228 3.6% 6,346
4 4,086 34.7% 6,366 54.0% 249 2.1% 177 1.5% 754 6.4% 156 1.3% 11,788
5 3,581 34.2% 6,086 58.2% 241 2.3% 94 0.9% 346 3.3% 118 1.1% 10,466
6 3,402 21.8% 11,342 72.8% 159 1.0% 37 0.2% 404 2.6% 242 1.6% 15,586
7 2,715 35.7% 4,517 59.3% 114 1.5% 30 0.4% 166 2.2% 72 0.9% 7,614
8 3,050 22.7% 9,627 71.5% 162 1.2% 36 0.3% 438 3.3% 145 1.1% 13,458
9 2,301 21.8% 7,526 71.3% 120 1.1% 43 0.4% 449 4.3% 123 1.2% 10,562
10 12,055 65.4% 3,626 19.7% 1,743 9.5% 78 0.4% 842 4.6% 84 0.5% 18,428
11 16,795 92.1% 758 4.2% 238 1.3% 20 0.1% 310 1.7% 108 0.6% 18,229
12 12,715 90.3% 586 4.2% 440 3.1% 26 0.2% 228 1.6% 83 0.6% 14,078
13 27,321 94.9% 140 0.5% 894 3.1% 32 0.1% 334 1.2% 54 0.2% 28,775
14 11,920 88.7% 884 6.6% 308 2.3% 27 0.2% 242 1.8% 62 0.5% 13,443
15 4,066 39.6% 5,514 53.7% 118 1.1% 55 0.5% 382 3.7% 134 1.3% 10,269
16 2,264 22.5% 6,819 67.7% 92 0.9% 59 0.6% 656 6.5% 181 1.8% 10,071
17 1,954 19.8% 7,197 72.9% 105 1.1% 45 0.5% 318 3.2% 260 2.6% 9,879
18 13,795 66.7% 5,558 26.9% 616 3.0% 46 0.2% 553 2.7% 106 0.5% 20,674
19 19,890 85.9% 1,863 8.0% 968 4.2% 48 0.2% 349 1.5% 43 0.2% 23,161
20 2,141 23.6% 6,093 67.2% 132 1.5% 51 0.6% 467 5.1% 189 2.1% 9,073
21 2,616 19.1% 10,295 75.3% 114 0.8% 52 0.4% 375 2.7% 221 1.6% 13,673
22 3,053 81.0% 408 10.8% 92 2.4% 28 0.7% 131 3.5% 56 1.5% 3,768
23 23,914 93.9% 93 0.4% 926 3.6% 29 0.1% 456 1.8% 56 0.2% 25,474
24 2,125 20.1% 7,239 68.5% 103 1.0% 84 0.8% 745 7.1% 267 2.5% 10,563
25 6,004 76.6% 865 11.0% 207 2.6% 46 0.6% 649 8.3% 64 0.8% 7,835
26 5,238 79.5% 741 11.2% 213 3.2% 69 1.0% 258 3.9% 71 1.1% 6,590
27 2,928 37.4% 4,028 51.4% 123 1.6% 70 0.9% 480 6.1% 201 2.6% 7,830
28 1,302 18.9% 5,045 73.3% 67 1.0% 50 0.7% 184 2.7% 232 3.4% 6,880
29 2,532 26.3% 6,343 66.0% 141 1.5% 53 0.6% 394 4.1% 153 1.6% 9,616
30 10,145 84.7% 1,054 8.8% 456 3.8% 33 0.3% 200 1.7% 93 0.8% 11,981
31 6,513 69.4% 1,545 16.5% 226 2.4% 80 0.9% 929 9.9% 88 0.9% 9,381
32 9,095 87.4% 543 5.2% 303 2.9% 84 0.8% 284 2.7% 102 1.0% 10,411
33 11,060 88.7% 497 4.0% 451 3.6% 80 0.6% 292 2.3% 84 0.7% 12,464
34 2,767 23.7% 8,305 71.3% 109 0.9% 50 0.4% 229 2.0% 196 1.7% 11,656
35 12,365 90.1% 207 1.5% 735 5.4% 65 0.5% 284 2.1% 62 0.5% 13,718
36 18,292 91.5% 448 2.2% 871 4.4% 39 0.2% 261 1.3% 91 0.5% 20,002
37 2,083 23.7% 6,028 68.4% 87 1.0% 60 0.7% 372 4.2% 177 2.0% 8,807
38 20,794 91.6% 150 0.7% 1,278 5.6% 49 0.2% 378 1.7% 59 0.3% 22,708
39 13,331 91.2% 207 1.4% 773 5.3% 42 0.3% 213 1.5% 57 0.4% 14,623
40 9,494 88.7% 293 2.7% 573 5.4% 76 0.7% 213 2.0% 53 0.5% 10,702
41 23,642 89.1% 211 0.8% 2,124 8.0% 25 0.1% 471 1.8% 68 0.3% 26,541
42 9,919 79.1% 1,525 12.2% 655 5.2% 70 0.6% 269 2.1% 101 0.8% 12,539
43 11,391 87.8% 587 4.5% 640 4.9% 104 0.8% 213 1.6% 34 0.3% 12,969
44 9,947 87.0% 525 4.6% 544 4.8% 158 1.4% 236 2.1% 28 0.2% 11,438
45 19,073 91.6% 167 0.8% 1,224 5.9% 48 0.2% 259 1.2% 60 0.3% 20,831
46 12,062 71.0% 2,691 15.8% 746 4.4% 287 1.7% 1,128 6.6% 70 0.4% 16,984
47 12,548 89.6% 392 2.8% 595 4.2% 149 1.1% 271 1.9% 54 0.4% 14,009
48 8,070 77.5% 1,356 13.0% 555 5.3% 116 1.1% 246 2.4% 64 0.6% 10,407
49 8,560 73.0% 1,689 14.4% 583 5.0% 333 2.8% 522 4.4% 47 0.4% 11,734
50 13,378 90.1% 418 2.8% 590 4.0% 85 0.6% 285 1.9% 87 0.6% 14,843
Totals 450,581 68.0% 160,302 24.2% 23,421 3.5% 3,581 0.5% 19,159 2.9% 5,754 0.9% 662,798

References

  1. ^ Denvir, Daniel (May 22, 2015). "Voter Turnout in U.S. Mayoral Elections Is Pathetic, But It Wasn't Always This Way". Bloomberg. City Lab (The Atlantic). Retrieved December 11, 2018.
  2. ^ "Election Results for 1991 General Election, Mayor, Chicago, Illinois". Chicago Democracy. Retrieved July 4, 2013.
  3. ^ "Our Campaigns - Chicago Mayor Race - Apr 02, 1991".
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Green, Paul M. (June 1991). "Chicago's 1991 mayoral elections: Richard M. Daley wins second term". www.lib.niu.edu. Illinois Issues. Retrieved November 25, 2020.
  5. ^ a b c Wilkerson, Isabel (February 28, 1991). "Daley Breaks His Father's Record in Winning Primary in Chicago". The New York Times.
  6. ^ "Daley wins Chicago mayoral primary; Symington is Arizona's new governor". The Item.
  7. ^ a b c d e "Daley Wins Chicago Mayoral Primary". Christian Science Monitor. February 28, 1991.
  8. ^ a b c http://chicagodemocracy.org/ElectionResults.jsp?election=crdd_primary%2Cgis_entity_crdd_1991_Primary_Election%2Cil_chi_mayor_dem Election Results for 1991 Primary Election, Mayor, Chicago, Illinois (Democratic Party)
  9. ^ Daley wins Chicago mayoral primary; Symington is Arizona's new governor. By MIKE SILVERMAN .Associated Press Writer The Item - Feb 27, 1991
  10. ^ "State of Illinois, County of Cook, Case No: 91-EB-MUN-70" (PDF). Chicago Board of Election Commissioners. January 16, 1991.
  11. ^ a b http://chicagodemocracy.org/ElectionResults.jsp?election=crdd_primary%2Cgis_entity_crdd_1991_Primary_Election%2Cil_chi_mayor_rep Election Results for 1991 Primary Election, Mayor, Chicago, Illinois (Republican Party)
  12. ^ Fountain, John W. "Harold Washington Party Tabs Pincham to Face Daley". Chicagotribune.com.
  13. ^ a b c "Election Results for 1991 General Election, Mayor, Chicago, Illinois".
  14. ^ "Board of Election Commissioners For the City of Chicago Mayoral Election Results Since 1900 General Elections Only". Chicago Board of Election Commissioners. July 18, 2004. Archived from the original on July 18, 2004. Retrieved March 26, 2023.
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